Welcome to the Ascension Center Community Organization. Ascension Age is now! 



AMERICAN CULTURE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS GOODWILL AMBASSADORS
COMMUNICATION 
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We specialize in Art, Culture, Education, Science, Technology, Folklife, History, Cosmology and the Communication of Statistics, Languages, crafts, hobbies, sports, tourism, and other leisure activities. We share and prepare so others may be away of their similar interests groups and social networks in the USA and Canada.

WE ARE TJ MORRIS FRIENDS. We learned about synergy and higher consciousness through our founder Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris who is the actual owner and manager of our group.

WE specialize in Internet Research and preparing Lists and Links for various organizations.

Women Veterans Organization is a national organization and a part of The American Women Veterans non-profit organization.
 
ACO-WVO is the ones responsible as volunteer administrators for sharing the ACIR as Ascension Center Information Resource for all Community Organization Services of the entire United States of America. Therefore we are recognized as ACIR - ACO-WVO in some organizations which we provide content and services in information websites with our webmaster design and social network media in public relations.

We serve Professional Women Veterans Associations - Serving Women ...
We are volunteer administrators and webmasters including those who are non-military in the Ascension Center Organization as ACE FOLKLIFE MEMBERS who care to share and be aware of sustainability through higher consciousness. We share the future as visionaries with the purpose of raising health and prosperity for all. We also share in supporting women’s health including PTSD, anxiety and depression, the jobless, and the homeless. We will share our resources around the country through our Ascension Center Information Resource Guide.

WE prepare webpages for small businesses and start-ups in the USA. We work with SCORE Volunteers, Chambers of Commerce, Local Civic Groups, Associations, Organizations, Local, county, state, regional governments in a non-governmental community organization.

WVO – WOMEN VETERAN ORGANIZATIONS Administrative Public Relations through Ascension Center Information Resource as an OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION service for WEBMASTERS.

Webmasters Women Veterans Organization manages the ACO and today we shall begin sharing our secretary minutes for 2012 with those who have volunteered their services in the Nation.

We shall welcome All Women Veteran Organizations in the world. We presently share our space with those in the USA and CANADA. Our OUTREACH to the UK is through the Spirit Guides Co.UK at present.

We are in the process of seeing what can be done with Legal Counsel to assist us with our GLOBAL COMMUNITY OUTREACH in our slogan ASCENSION AGE is now! We are also concerned about HUMAN RIGHTS and will be sharing WOMEN’s ISSUES and our American Culture International Relations with ACIR and ACE FOLKLIFE. My present website is http://ascensioncenter.org

I share this as an OPEN SOURCE for all to obtain information like our Ascension Center Information Resource.

American News Magazine

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OUR OWN TV Videos

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More… SO MUCH MORE is COMING OUR WAY TO EARTH! TJ MORRIS PUBLISHING

Join the Ascension Center Organization on FACEBOOK

We have a website called Ascension Center Organization that promotes Global Tectonic Economics with Health and Prosperity for ALL!

We are about Sustainability for our Planet and Species.

While we are in the process of Growing and our new website is under construction, please at least go and look at our new list of RESOURCES at Http://ascensioncenter.org

ALSO ON Oprah Winfrey´s OWN TV NETWORK please shares her chosen FOUR TEACHERS they include two of my own and I would have added Dr. Wayne Dyer. Zig Zigler was one of my first teachers on earth while I was learning about the STAGE and being an Artists, Entertainer, and Songwriter with BMI.

All four teachers—Iyanla Vanzant, Deepak Chopra, Tony Robbins and Bishop T.D. Jakes—join Oprah to discuss the art of gratitude so please try to watch and participate.

Oprah's Next Chapter

Oprah's Lifeclass: the Tour

Breakthrough with Tony Robbins

MAGAZINE

NEW OWN SHOWS

Coming Soon...

Meet 15 guys who are saving the world

The Busy Woman's Guide to Volunteering

A few things that gets better with age

Tune in and log on to Oprah.com or Facebook.com/owntv tonight at 8/7c for the season finale! Oprah teams up with superstar teachers Iyanla Vanzant, Deepak Chopra, Tony Robbins and Bishop T.D. Jakes for a heartfelt lesson on gratitude.

We are presently going to plan for our SUMMER Festivals and Flea Markets where we are represented with our PROJECT called “YOUR VOTE COUNTS!” We are Independent Voters and share that we believe everyone should vote for the person and not the party. We however are welcoming all voters with open arms in our WVO which is only one Organization of the ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION.

Our SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY shares their own COUNTRIES and similar interests in their own Niche Genres in their own social media information services and websites.

We are inspired by our creator Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris with health and prosperity for all in the Ascension Age to provide OPEN SOURCE public relations as an effort to show what prior women in the military can do as volunteers to offer contributions to other organizations by participating in FUND RAISING and purchasing books from our ACE FOLKLIFE BOOK CLUB and TIMELY MANOR BOOKs.

We have a slogan which is HEALTH AND PROSPERITY FOR ALL in our GLOBAL TECHTONIC ECONOMICS which involve SUSTAINABILITY through HIGHER CONSCIOUSNESS which TJ MORRIS began with her TJ MORRIS PROMOTIONS for American Culture International Relations as TJ Morris tm and ACIR sm.

  

Source: Friends of TJ Morris Publishing

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Remember this is a public forum. Do not post personal information including phone numbers, email or mailing addresses, or credit card information belonging to you or others.

Do not copy others' material, trademarks, or other intellectual property—it is illegal. This includes cutting and pasting content from other websites. Comments should be your own original thoughts.

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Yahoo! reserves the right to refuse or remove any comment that does not comply with these guidelines or the Yahoo! Terms of Service and to terminate your Yahoo! account (including email) for a violation. Yahoo! is not responsible or liable in any way for comments posted by its users.

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ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION and ACE FOLKLIFE SOCIETY are Associated in an Alliance to share in open source Guides and Articles as the ACIR or Ascension Center Information Resource with the administration volunteers of the American Women Veterans in various organizations of women around the USA.

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Company – TJ Morris A visionary and leading-edge Internet multimedia company social entrepreneur with expertise in audio, video and code as a content provider for the global community. As digital architects and content developers, we focus on products and services that monetize all types of content through aggregation, integration and syndication. As a company, Ascension Center Enlightenment Community Organization was begun by TJ Morris tm ACIR sm, brands of Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris. Our core strength lies in our ability to move easily between the realms of code and content, helping move media from the microphone to the iPhone as smart phone in the future of communication. The technologies and digital solutions developed in the think tank and laboratories are content enablers designed to proactively unify fragmentation in the global marketplace through convergence, synergy and transformation of media and technology into the future of the Ascension Age as the Golden Age of Communication and Cosmology. We develop from the premise that the old model does not scale -- that it’s simply too labor intensive and expensive to meet the promising, fragmented micro-revenue models of today and the future. We figure if you have to store media, that one file should be automated to do everything else necessary to share and monetize it. The result is a two-fold empowerment plan for the content holder: Save Money. Make Money. With new digital philosophy, language and solutions, Ascension Center Enlightenment Communication Media with ACE SOCIETY, and Alien ET UFO Community Social Networks, we have joined with the ACE FOLKLIFE and TJ Morris to arrive at making round the flat linear world of digital media into that of the vertical dimensional many omniverses.

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Article Details for GLOBAL LOVE DAY SUSTAINABILITY MAY 1, 2012 Ascension Age is now!

Author Theresa Morris

Date 05/01/2012 1:03 PM 1:35 PM

Title GLOBAL LOVE DAY SUSTAINABILITY MAY 1, 2012 Ascension Age is Now!

Full Status Pending

Tags Ascension Age, New Age Expos, Global Love Day, May 1, 2012, Ascension Center, TJ Morris, UK, USA , CA, North America, Free Trade, open source, associations, global, sustainability, trade, social entrepreneurs, organizations, veterans, USA, VFW, women, women, men, USA,ACIR, TJ Morris tm ACIR sm, Companies Public, Angel Investors, Charities, Celebrity Apprentice, The Apprentice. Entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs, ACE Folklife, TJ Morris Friends, TJ Morris Publishing, TJ Morris Promos, MAPS, Marketing, Advertising, Publicists, Websites, Information, PR, Social Media

Blurb we are in the process of sharing our connections and our similar interests with others. Please visit our Ascension Center Organization and consider Listing with our ACE Guide and ACIR Directory for the USA products and services non-governmental associations and organizations list. Ascension Age is Now May 1, 2012 : Angel : Ascension : Astrology : Aura : Clairvoyance : Crystal : Development : Fair :Fayre : Festival : Ghost : Healing : Hypnosis : Investigation : Law of Attraction : Mediumship :Paranormal : Physical : Psychic : Psychic Art : Readings : Regression : Reiki : Table Tipping :Tarot : Therapists : Trance Mediumship : Transfiguration : Workshop :

Body Happy Global Love Day May 1, 2012

We as Social Entrepreneurs are Global Ambassadors of Goodwill

We are sharing our Grand Opening of our new introductory compilation of what we shall offer the world in our new Global Strategy Plan of our Ascension Center Organization.

Our new slogan is Ascension Age is now!

This project is headed by TJ Morris Publishing who is the webmaster for Tri-State Women Veterans

TJ Morris is the trade name for Theresa J Thurmond Morris and ACIR is the service mark

TJ Morris ACIR has been actively participating in cyberspace with trademark and servicemark since 2005.

Global Tectonic Economics as Sustainability with Higher Consciousness in the Ascension Center Organization

We share our Grand Opening with all those in the ACE FOLKLIFE SOCIETY around the world who may want to join our Ascension Center Organization about sustainability through higher consciousness.

Our Lightworkers are working to share love and light around the world!

We celebrate our Grand Opening by being Social Entrepreneurs interesting in sharing all world organizations that desire to share in being listed with our Ascension Center Resource Information as ACIR GUIDE.

We also have the ACE FOLKLIFE Guide

And the ACE Directory

We are announcing our American Women Veterans Organization Group as the Volunteers who will become the Administrators and Volunteers in the USA for our Made in the USA Products and services promotion that are to be shared around the world in our attempt to share the Lightworkers and Truthseekers in the Social Media Network.

We are presently launching our Ascension Center Organization to support all those in the world who want to assist us in making Lists and Directories in their states organizations.

It is best to work in states and we are concentrating on the Tri-State Women Veterans for Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky has the Heartland of our Ascension Center Organization, our ACE FOLKLIFE, and American Women Veterans Organization.

The following is from one of our Lightworkers for this Global Love Day - MAY 1

Nisara Chomboon

Beloved,

Many of you are having feelings of great sleepiness that appear early, before dark, only then, if they see no other chance, need to go to sleep, because this feeling is very strong. This is a time when we are working on adjusting their energy fields. This adjustment process is best done while their physical bodies are in a state of deep rest. If you are experiencing these symptoms, then you know that it is the turn of being tuned and adjusted.

Everyone, that is, all of our Family of Lightworkers are receiving this personal attention in order to accelerate this process of transformation. Nurture yourself and understand yourself, when that happens because you are not being slothful or lazy, as there simply is part of the process, accept and let it flow. Some of you are feeling uncomfortable in their bodies at certain times of the day: - that, too, will pass.

Listen for signs that they are being data and rest when you feel it necessary.

Establish actions when they are feeling the full force remaining in positive state high thinking. If negative thoughts come to your mind, change immediately to a high thinking. Thus, you are master of your thought patterns.

Your chakras are opening widely, every day; this can sometimes cause them palpitations in this area. If this happens, just relax and rest for a few moments until they pass. There will be continued unexplained pains coming and going away in various parts of your body, it is a sign that adjustments are being made and attunements. It is time to accept what they are coming, but then resist, because of preconceived expectations of how it should be.

Many projects will be placed to be sustained as each one walking through this process. Know that everything will be done again when the weather is right and everything will flow smoothly and with grace and lightness when this happens. You may have noticed that the personal interactions are going through positive changes.

Many people are now voicing their feelings and thoughts with more reality than before. This is a very positive step toward the unity of consciousness. When we succeed in accepting each other without criticism and judgment, this will open a path for communication with more meaning and depth. By adopting this truth each other, this will enable the person without his mask previously used, can shine your light shining for the world. Be proud of who you are. In the entire universe, there is no one like you.

One of a kind and an integral part of the whole. Without you this world in these times now, an important part of the All would be missing.

Practice sustaining love and bless the thoughts, wherever possible through your day. This will help anchor your Christ Self. Identify themselves strongly as possible with the highest attributes of his I honor him and to make it manifest. Where your thoughts are, there will be too. These times require that each of you to do due diligence and My Dear, you all are already doing this.

Beloved, our hearts are full of love as we observe them walking daily with the highest integrity. Know that each of you is surrounded by family and Light and that we walked side by side with you.

Until next week...

I am Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

We share English as our first language, Spanish as our second, and Spanglish as out Third.

TRANSLATION in SPANISH

Amados,

Muitos de vocês estão tendo sensações de grande sonolência que aparecem cedo, antes do anoitecer, aí então, se vêem sem outra chance, precisam ir dormir, pois esse sentimento é muito forte. Esse é um período quando nós estamos trabalhando no ajuste de seus campos de energias. Esse processo de ajuste é melhor executado enquanto os seus corpos físicos estão em estado de profundo descanso. Se vocês estão experimentando esses sintomas, então saibam que é a sua vez de estar sendo sintonizado e ajustado.

Cada um, ou seja, todos da nossa Família de Trabalhadores da Luz estão recebendo essa atenção pessoal, a fim de acelerarem esse processo de transformação. Nutram-se e compreendam a si mesmo, quando isso acontecer, pois vocês não estão sendo indolentes ou preguiçosos, já que simplesmente é parte do processo, aceitem e deixem fluir. Alguns de vocês estão sentindo-se desconfortáveis em seus corpos em certos períodos do dia:- isso, também, irá passar.

Escutem aos sinais que lhes estão sendo dados e descansem quando sentirem ser necessário.

Estabeleçam ações quando estão sentindo-se cheios de vigor permanecendo em estado positivo com pensamentos elevados. Se pensamentos negativos chegarem a sua mente, mudem imediatamente para um pensamento elevado. Desse modo, vocês estão sendo mestres de seus padrões de pensamentos.

Os seus chacras estão se abrindo amplamente, a cada dia, isso pode algumas vezes, lhes causar palpitações nessa área. Se isso ocorrer, apenas relaxem e descansem por alguns momentos até que elas passem. Haverão continuadas dores inexplicáveis chegando e indo embora em várias partes de seu corpo, isso é um sinal de que os ajustes e sintonizações estão sendo feitas. É tempo de aceitarem do que eles estão chegando, embora depois resistam, por causa das preconcebidas expectativas de como isso deveria ser.

Muitos projetos irão ser colocados para serem sustentados à medida que cada um caminhar através desse processo. Saibam que tudo será feito de novo quando o tempo estiver certo e tudo irá fluir suavemente e com graça e leveza quando isso acontecer. Vocês devem ter percebido que as interações pessoais estão caminhando através de mudanças positivas.

Muitas pessoas estão agora verbalizando os seus sentimentos e pensamentos com muito mais realidade do que antes. Isso é um passo muito positivo em direção à unidade da consciência. Quando nós conseguirmos nos aceitar mutuamente sem críticas e julgamentos, isso irá abrir um caminho para uma comunicação com mais significado e com mais profundidade. Ao se adotar essa verdade mútua, isso irá possibilitar que a pessoa sem a sua máscara anteriormente usada, possa brilhar irradiando a sua Luz para o Mundo. Orgulhem-se de quem vocês são. No Universo inteiro, não há ninguém exatamente como você.

Você é única e uma parte integral do todo. Sem você nesse Mundo nesses tempos do agora, uma parte importante do Todo estaria faltando.

Pratiquem sustentar o amar e abençoem os pensamentos, sempre que possível através de seu dia. Isso irá ajudar a ancorar o seu Eu Crístico. Identifiquem-se fortemente o quanto for possível com os atributos mais elevados de seu Eu, honrem-no e façam com que isso se manifeste. Onde os seus pensamentos estiverem, ali estarão também. Esses tempos requerem que cada um de vocês faça diligências e Meus Queridos, vocês todos já estão fazendo isso.

Amados, nossos corações estão plenos de Amor à medida que nós lhes observamos andando, diariamente com a mais elevada integridade. Saibam que cada um de vocês é circundado pela Família da Luz e de e que nós caminhamos lado a lado com vocês.

Até a semana que vem...

Eu sou Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvBfFDaUnuk/T0PZ4nuivaI/AAAAAAAABVY/qaoHlb4Xi2g/s1600/Chakras.gif

— With Samina Akhtar.

Source: Friends of TJ Morris Publishing

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2012 : Angel : Ascension : Astrology : Aura : Clairvoyance : Crystal : Development : Fair :Fayre : Festival : Ghost : Healing : Hypnosis : Investigation : Law of Attraction : Mediumship :Paranormal : Physical : Psychic : Psychic Art : Readings : Regression : Reiki : Table Tipping :Tarot : Therapists : Trance Mediumship : Transfiguration : Workshop :

Here are a few things to consider as you post:

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Do not post HTML, viruses, or other malicious code.

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We welcome all those who have time to volunteer in sprite de corps in our Ascension Center Organization. We share Facebook and Twitter in the Social Media.

Please locate Theresa J Thurmond Morris of TJ Morris Publishing for those who desire to join our Ascension Center Organization and/or ACE Folklife Society. We are in the process of sharing our connections and our similar interests with others. Please visit our Ascension Center Organization and consider Listing With our ACE Guide and ACIR Directory for the USA products and services non-governmental associations and organizations list.

Source: AscensionCenter.org courtesy of TJ Morris Publishing as PR for TJ Morris tm ACIR sm future website.

We as Social Entrepreneurs are Global Ambassadors of Goodwill

We are sharing our Grand Opening of our new introductory compilation of what we shall offer the world in our new Global Strategy Plan we call   Ascension Age! We officially began our Website on May 1 to begin our Special Events Program for all the USA states to celebrate with ACE Folklife in Art-Culture-Education. TJ Morris American Culture International Relations builds the model as a visionary for others who want to share in sustainability through higher consciousness in social media.

This project is headed by TJ Morris Publishing who is the webmaster for Tri-State Women Veterans

TJ Morris is the trade name for Theresa J Thurmond Morris and ACIR is the service mark

TJ Morris ACIR has been actively participating in cyberspace with trademark and servicemark since 2005.

Global Tectonic Economics as Sustainability with Higher Consciousness in the Ascension Center Organization

We share our Grand Opening with all those in the ACE FOLKLIFE SOCIETY around the world who may want to join our Ascension Center Organization about sustainability through higher consciousness.

Our Lightworkers are working to share love and light around the world!

We celebrate our Grand Opening by being Social Entrepreneurs interesting in sharing all world organizations that desire to share in being listed with our Ascension Center Resource Information as ACIR GUIDE.

We also have the ACE FOLKLIFE Guide

And the ACE Directory

We are announcing our American Women Veterans Organization Group as the Volunteers who will become the Administrators and Volunteers in the USA for our Made in the USA Products and services promotion that are to be shared around the world in our attempt to share the Lightworkers and Truthseekers in the Social Media Network.

We are presently launching our Ascension Center Organization to support all those in the world who want to assist us in making Lists and Directories in their states organizations.

It is best to work in states and we are concentrating on the Tri-State Women Veterans for Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky has the Heartland of our Ascension Center Organization, our ACE FOLKLIFE, and American Women Veterans Organization.

The following is from one of our Lightworkers for this Global Love Day - MAY 1

Nisara Chomboon

Beloved,

Many of you are having feelings of great sleepiness that appear early, before dark, only then, if they see no other chance, need to go to sleep, because this feeling is very strong. This is a time when we are working on adjusting their energy fields. This adjustment process is best done while their physical bodies are in a state of deep rest. If you are experiencing these symptoms, then you know that it is the turn of being tuned and adjusted.

Everyone, that is, all of our Family of Lightworkers are receiving this personal attention in order to accelerate this process of transformation. Nurture yourself and understand yourself, when that happens because you are not being slothful or lazy, as there simply is part of the process, accept and let it flow. Some of you are feeling uncomfortable in their bodies at certain times of the day: - that, too, will pass.

Listen for signs that they are being data and rest when you feel it necessary.

Establish actions when they are feeling the full force remaining in positive state high thinking. If negative thoughts come to your mind, change immediately to a high thinking. Thus, you are master of your thought patterns.

Your chakras are opening widely, every day; this can sometimes cause them palpitations in this area. If this happens, just relax and rest for a few moments until they pass. There will be continued unexplained pains coming and going away in various parts of your body, it is a sign that adjustments are being made and attunements. It is time to accept what they are coming, but then resist, because of preconceived expectations of how it should be.

Many projects will be placed to be sustained as each one walking through this process. Know that everything will be done again when the weather is right and everything will flow smoothly and with grace and lightness when this happens. You may have noticed that the personal interactions are going through positive changes.

Many people are now voicing their feelings and thoughts with more reality than before. This is a very positive step toward the unity of consciousness. When we succeed in accepting each other without criticism and judgment, this will open a path for communication with more meaning and depth. By adopting this truth each other, this will enable the person without his mask previously used, can shine your light shining for the world. Be proud of who you are. In the entire universe, there is no one like you.

One of a kind and an integral part of the whole. Without you this world in these times now, an important part of the All would be missing.

Practice sustaining love and bless the thoughts, wherever possible through your day. This will help anchor your Christ Self. Identify themselves strongly as possible with the highest attributes of his I honor him and to make it manifest. Where your thoughts are, there will be too. These times require that each of you to do due diligence and My Dear, you all are already doing this.

Beloved, our hearts are full of love as we observe them walking daily with the highest integrity. Know that each of you is surrounded by family and Light and that we walked side by side with you.

Until next week...

I am Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

Amados,

Muitos de vocês estão tendo sensações de grande sonolência que aparecem cedo, antes do anoitecer, aí então, se vêem sem outra chance, precisam ir dormir, pois esse sentimento é muito forte. Esse é um período quando nós estamos trabalhando no ajuste de seus campos de energias. Esse processo de ajuste é melhor executado enquanto os seus corpos físicos estão em estado de profundo descanso. Se vocês estão experimentando esses sintomas, então saibam que é a sua vez de estar sendo sintonizado e ajustado.

Cada um, ou seja, todos da nossa Família de Trabalhadores da Luz estão recebendo essa atenção pessoal, a fim de acelerarem esse processo de transformação. Nutram-se e compreendam a si mesmo, quando isso acontecer, pois vocês não estão sendo indolentes ou preguiçosos, já que simplesmente é parte do processo, aceitem e deixem fluir. Alguns de vocês estão sentindo-se desconfortáveis em seus corpos em certos períodos do dia:- isso, também, irá passar.

Escutem aos sinais que lhes estão sendo dados e descansem quando sentirem ser necessário.

Estabeleçam ações quando estão sentindo-se cheios de vigor permanecendo em estado positivo com pensamentos elevados. Se pensamentos negativos chegarem a sua mente, mudem imediatamente para um pensamento elevado. Desse modo, vocês estão sendo mestres de seus padrões de pensamentos.

Os seus chacras estão se abrindo amplamente, a cada dia, isso pode algumas vezes, lhes causar palpitações nessa área. Se isso ocorrer, apenas relaxem e descansem por alguns momentos até que elas passem. Haverão continuadas dores inexplicáveis chegando e indo embora em várias partes de seu corpo, isso é um sinal de que os ajustes e sintonizações estão sendo feitas. É tempo de aceitarem do que eles estão chegando, embora depois resistam, por causa das preconcebidas expectativas de como isso deveria ser.

Muitos projetos irão ser colocados para serem sustentados à medida que cada um caminhar através desse processo. Saibam que tudo será feito de novo quando o tempo estiver certo e tudo irá fluir suavemente e com graça e leveza quando isso acontecer. Vocês devem ter percebido que as interações pessoais estão caminhando através de mudanças positivas.

Muitas pessoas estão agora verbalizando os seus sentimentos e pensamentos com muito mais realidade do que antes. Isso é um passo muito positivo em direção à unidade da consciência. Quando nós conseguirmos nos aceitar mutuamente sem críticas e julgamentos, isso irá abrir um caminho para uma comunicação com mais significado e com mais profundidade. Ao se adotar essa verdade mútua, isso irá possibilitar que a pessoa sem a sua máscara anteriormente usada, possa brilhar irradiando a sua Luz para o Mundo. Orgulhem-se de quem vocês são. No Universo inteiro, não há ninguém exatamente como você.

Você é única e uma parte integral do todo. Sem você nesse Mundo nesses tempos do agora, uma parte importante do Todo estaria faltando.

Pratiquem sustentar o amar e abençoem os pensamentos, sempre que possível através de seu dia. Isso irá ajudar a ancorar o seu Eu Crístico. Identifiquem-se fortemente o quanto for possível com os atributos mais elevados de seu Eu, honrem-no e façam com que isso se manifeste. Onde os seus pensamentos estiverem, ali estarão também. Esses tempos requerem que cada um de vocês faça diligências e Meus Queridos, vocês todos já estão fazendo isso.

Amados, nossos corações estão plenos de Amor à medida que nós lhes observamos andando, diariamente com a mais elevada integridade. Saibam que cada um de vocês é circundado pela Família da Luz e de e que nós caminhamos lado a lado com vocês.

Até a semana que vem...

Eu sou Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvBfFDaUnuk/T0PZ4nuivaI/AAAAAAAABVY/qaoHlb4Xi2g/s1600/Chakras.gif

— With Samina Akhtar.

Source: Friends of TJ Morris Publishing

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ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION and ACE FOLKLIFE SOCIETY are Associated in an Alliance to share in open source Guides and Articles as the ACIR or Ascension Center Information Resource with the administration volunteers of the American Women Veterans in various organizations of women around the USA.

 

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". . . on April 22, 1970, Earth Day was held, one of the most

remarkable happenings in the history of democracy. . . "

-American Heritage Magazine, October 1993

History Highlights

Environmental Timeline

Earth Day Audio

Information on this page provided by:

The Wilderness Society

EARTH DAY 4-22

How the First Earth Day Came About APRIL 22

By Senator Gaylord Nelson, Founder of Earth Day

What was the purpose of Earth Day? How did it start? These are the questions I am most frequently asked.

Actually, the idea for Earth Day evolved over a period of seven years starting in 1962. For several years, it had been troubling me that the state of our environment was simply a non-issue in the politics of the country. Finally, in November 1962, an idea occurred to me that was, I thought, a virtual cinch to put the environment into the political "limelight" once and for all. The idea was to persuade President Kennedy to give visibility to this issue by going on a national conservation tour. I flew to Washington to discuss the proposal with Attorney General Robert Kennedy, who liked the idea. So did the President. The President began his five-day, eleven-state conservation tour in September 1963. For many reasons the tour did not succeed in putting the issue onto the national political agenda. However, it was the germ of the idea that ultimately flowered into Earth Day.

I continued to speak on environmental issues to a variety of audiences in some twenty-five states. All across the country, evidence of environmental degradation was appearing everywhere, and everyone noticed except the political establishment. The environmental issue simply was not to be found on the nation's political agenda. The people were concerned, but the politicians were not.

After President Kennedy's tour, I still hoped for some idea that would thrust the environment into the political mainstream. Six years would pass before the idea that became Earth Day occurred to me while on a conservation speaking tour out West in the summer of 1969. At the time, anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, called "teach-ins," had spread to college campuses all across the nation. Suddenly, the idea occurred to me - why not organize a huge grassroots protest over what was happening to our environment?

I was satisfied that if we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force this issue onto the political agenda. It was a big gamble, but worth a try.

At a conference in Seattle in September 1969, I announced that in the spring of 1970 there would be a nationwide grassroots demonstration on behalf of the environment and invited everyone to participate. The wire services carried the story from coast to coast. The response was electric. It took off like gangbusters. Telegrams, letters, and telephone inquiries poured in from all across the country. The American people finally had a forum to express its concern about what was happening to the land, rivers, lakes, and air - and they did so with spectacular exuberance. For the next four months, two members of my Senate staff, Linda Billings and John Heritage, managed Earth Day affairs out of my Senate office.

Five months before Earth Day, on Sunday, November 30, 1969, The New York Times carried a lengthy article by Gladwin Hill reporting on the astonishing proliferation of environmental events:

"Rising concern about the environmental crisis is sweeping the nation's campuses with an intensity that may be on its way to eclipsing student discontent over the war in Vietnam...a national day of observance of environmental problems...is being planned for next spring...when a nationwide environmental 'teach-in'...coordinated from the office of Senator Gaylord Nelson is planned...."

It was obvious that we were headed for a spectacular success on Earth Day. It was also obvious that grassroots activities had ballooned beyond the capacity of my U.S. Senate office staff to keep up with the telephone calls, paper work, inquiries, etc. In mid-January, three months before Earth Day, John Gardner, Founder of Common Cause, provided temporary space for a Washington, D.C. headquarters. I staffed the office with college students and selected Denis Hayes as coordinator of activities.

Earth Day worked because of the spontaneous response at the grassroots level. We had neither the time nor resources to organize 20 million demonstrators and the thousands of schools and local communities that participated. That was the remarkable thing about Earth Day. It organized itself.

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WE NOW HONOR GLOBAL LOVE DAY ON MAY 1 via Ascension Center Organization – A Ascension Center Information Resource – Open Source Public Service to the entire world for sustainability through Higher Consciusness, ACE Folklife, and TJ Morris ORG.

Sharing the Alien ET UFO Experience as the Inner Awakening Crew

Take control of your inner spirit and awaken the conscious mind to the observer inside that is connected to all things, all people, all places, and all things. The younger generation who came after Star Trek and Star Wars call this the Force.

Engage your awakened observer inside and write a book! We are all the authors of our own life stories. We are the creator, writer, designer, choreographer, actor, and director. We do it all as the observer while we are spirits inside the body. We are all consciousness inside the unity consciousness that is the balance of essence energy inside that which was created in the beginning that has always been. We allow those who came before us as our ancestors who may choose to guide us. We are to believe that there are some bad demons in this world that can enter one’s own body-mind-spirit and act out their emotions if one allows this to happen.

Teach yourself and analyze everything you do from with inside as an observer.

Awaken to the greater possibility that we are all something greater both inside our own body-mind-spirit of which we call the mental-emotional-physical-spiritual (MEPS). We are also a neurological being with a physiology that requires us to feed our energy so that our physical will not starve to death and die.

We also are to feed ourselves spiritually and to grow our spirits from the basic new soul and re-birth to that of attaining a higher level in this lifetime and the one to come.

We are all a soul having the use of a body-mind-spirit that is sharing the birth-life-death experience with outer selves on the same planet. We shall honor the golden rule and know that we treat others the way we desire to be treated. We know that Newton’s Third Law of Motion is for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

We can go anywhere we want inside our minds to paint our thoughts. We have an inner thought process where we can use thoughts to create visions. We are the observer of the pictures we create in our minds. We are not our minds we are spirit. We are spiritual beings. We are sentient intelligent humanoid beings.

We are all a part of the sea of souls and we must learn to go with the flow. We experience waves in motion and sometimes we calm our waters and there is no breeze when we are being still just to know. We learn to let go and let God. God and Goddess are in us all and the inner awakened awareness of their presence during our meditation and yoga can allow us to hear the divine guidance. We all have guides and our inner messenger may be our own observer or our higher consciousness.

We are deeper than our own conscious. We are deeper than our own thought process when we can hear ourselves think and then we try to say what we should be doing and we hear another voice speak to us like the still small inner voice we know that our minds are trying to tell us what to do. We need to use this type of awakened awareness and learn to say STOP when we are overcome with thoughts and emotions and feel anxiety and fear coming upon us.

We can know that S is for Stop. T is for Take3 deep breaths and smile in all parts of one’s own body energy which will assist our nervous and immune system and laugh at our situation when appropriate.

We can share O is for Observe. Observe the situation we are in and our surroundings and the sensations we are experiencing or enduring.

We can then say P as in Proceed with kindness and compassion and persevere with love in our hearts and have an open mind and heart to what we are experiencing in the now.

We can calm ourselves and others around us simply by thinking the opposite of whatever we feel as anger, anxiety, confusion, or fear that is causing the problem.

Self-image is what you think of you. Image is what others perceive of you. We may or may not agree with another’s perception of what we are projecting but what other’s think and perceive is not something we are here to control and it is not our business to care about what others think of us when we are in a peaceful loving knowing and understanding place going about our own business.

We know that we are the observer here as an explorer to find out who we are, why we are here, and where we go when we leave this existence. We know that Karma is the Echo of what energy we put out to others. We expand our positive energy consciousness and when we allow ourselves to feel fear we contract and feel negative energy consciousness.

Spiritual Advisers and mentors are simply guides forging a path and leaving a trail for others to find if they use their freewill and free choice to do so. No one can make another do anything unless they want too at the mind and spirit level.

We are trained on earth to take ownership of our own actions and learn to not react unless it is a natural response to danger that crosses our path that is life threatening then we may react to the situation of which may be called death.

We inside our own spiritual soul self-know that we feel as though we are the center of our own universe of which we try to control. When one let’s go and let’s god then we are turning over our power to a higher control and we allow the force to work through us.

This can be a deep spiritual awakening or re-awakening to the opening up of all our chakras which are the portals to our kundalini energy that drives our spiritual force up and down out spine.

We shall desire to elect team leaders on earth who come to terms with their balance in their lives of positive and negative and allow the flow of energy of the higher power to lead them and their crews while on earth.

More later…

REFERENCES

• Domains   View all in domain manager for Theresa Morris of TJ Morris
• Publishing

1. Domains
2. Transfer
3. Search Domains: 
4. My Domains      
5. Associated Products
6. Email
7. Domain Diagnostics
8. TJTHURMONDMORRIS.COM      7/4/2012
9. PSYCHICSOULS.INFO      8/10/2012          
10. TJMORRISPSYCHIC.NET 8/10/2012          
11. PLANETINFORMATIONETWORK.COM    8/12/2012          
12. WORLDINFORMATIONNETWORK.US      8/12/2012          
13. WORLDINFORMATIONNETWORK.INFO 8/13/2012          
14. ASCENSIONCENTER.INFO             9/4/2012            
15. OHIOCOUNTYKENTUCKY.INFO  9/4/2012
16. OHIOCOUNTYKENTUCKY.NET     9/5/2012            
17. TIMELYMANORBOOKS.COM       9/5/2012            
18. AMERICANNEWSMAGAZINE.COM          9/30/2012          
19. ANEWNEWS.COM           9/30/2012          
20. ASCENSIONCENTER.ORG              9/5/2013

• TJ’s Next Chapter of the Book called TAKEN UP will be shared on the UFO Digest.com and the ASCENSIONCENTER.org
• In the meantime, We have some catching up to do with all our websites that are down. We shall begin adding them back on again with our TJMORRISPUBLSHING NETWORK as www.tjmorrispublishing.com
• I tried to tell WEB.com we don’t need the www. Anymore when the consultant called me. He didn’t believe me so, I have to trust the designers that I hope they know what they are doing when they build my website. Here are some of what comes from me with the new ASCENSIONCENTER.org
• My present website is http://ascensioncenter.org

• I share this as an OPEN SOURCE for all to obtain information like our Ascension Center Information Resource.
• American News  Magazine
• Ace Metaphysical Institute
• OUR OWN TV Videos
• TJ’s  Blogs
• TJ’s  Radio Friends
• Spirit
• Health
• Fashion & Beauty
• Books
• Food
• Entertainment
• More… SO MUCH MORE is COMING OUR WAY TO EARTH! TJ MORRIS PUBLISHING
• Join   the Ascension Center Organization on FACEBOOK
• We have a website called Ascension Center Organization that promotes Global Tectonic Economics with Health and Prosperity for ALL!

• We are about Sustainability for our Planet and Species. 

• While we are in the process of Growing and our new website is under construction, please at least go and look at our new list of RESOURCES at Http://ascensioncenter.org
• ALSO ON Oprah Winfrey’s OWN TV NETWORK please share her chosen FOUR TEACHERS they include two of my own and I would have added Dr. Wayne Dyer. Zig Zigler was one of my first teachers on earth while I was learning about the STAGE and being an Artists, Entertainer, and Songwriter with BMI.

• All four teachers—Iyanla Vanzant, Deepak Chopra, Tony Robbins and Bishop T.D. Jakes—join Oprah to discuss the art of gratitude so please try to watch and participate.
• Oprah's Next Chapter
• Oprah's Lifeclass: the Tour
• Breakthrough with Tony Robbins
• MAGAZINE
• NEW OWN SHOWS
• Coming Soon...

• Meet 15 guys who are saving the world
• The Busy Woman's Guide to Volunteering
• A few things that gets better with age
• Tune in and log on to Oprah.com or Facebook.com/owntv tonight at 8/7c for the season finale! Oprah teams up with superstar teachers Iyanla Vanzant, Deepak Chopra, Tony Robbins and Bishop T.D. Jakes for a heartfelt lesson on gratitude.

• This week's
• Life Work
  • Question of the Week  
    • Gratitude quotations: How to say thank you
• Watch last Monday's class on demand  

• Catch up on the latest lesson with Deepak Chopra and Oprah to find spiritual solutions to life's most difficult problems.

Everyone in this Ascension Age is being bombarded with information in this communication cosmology age of enlightenment. We are all sharing the awakened awareness that we are all about sustainability for our planet and our species.

TJ Morris Publishing – Story for the Day on my BLOG Theresa J Thurmond Morris

My daughter who is 44 years old, Angela Dawn Parrish Cook has moved back home with me.

She is starting a new life here in Kentucky. She just told me,

“MY MOM is deep! You’re a deep woman but I believe in you and I have faith in you no matter what.

You are going to be real successful you already are! Never give up Mommy! Never, that’s just the way it is!”

She then said,

“You are loving, and you are there for everybody else and you are sweet, people can’t help but love you. If they don’t then they just don’t know you like I do. You are a sweet giving person and there are haters out there are just confused. They are always jealous, or smarter, or popular, or pretty, or they will help their status. They along time ago saw there is something inside of you special and different and it has been that way ever since! I know and remember because you are my Mommy and it has been that way ever since!”

As anyone can see with her words, I told her,

“Well, can I put that in print on my today blog because you just endorsed me?”

Angela said,

“Well Mom, I don’t want everyone knowing my business but I guess if it’s just this as my MOM.”

SINCE MOTHER’s DAY is coming in MAY, I thought this would be a great way to remind everyone that the females on this planet are special because we all are mothers in one way of another!

Even MOTHER NATURE!              

Love and Light TJ

MOM

Theresa J Thurmond Morris, Social Entrepreneur, Ambassador of Goodwill

ASCENSION CENTER ENLIGHTENMENT
AWAKENING AWARENESS OF HIGHER CONSCIOUSNESS OF SUSTAINABIILITY
Goals: Health and Prosperity for ALL!
Teach the Golden Rule and American Way of Life Cultural Traditions

"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you." Treat others the way you expect to be treated.
We may use English as our first language, Spanish as our second, and Spanglish as our Third.
We share that we use English as our Native American English and share our thoughts, words, and deeds, with the world through our website and with our friends in our social media network and on Facebook and Twitter.

We discover new words in the virtual reality of cyberspace and share our new Ascension Age 2012 & Beyond. TJ shares her mother's legacy as, "We are the authors of our own life story." It is the family tradition of three generations and counting now for the future generations of all those who come after this Baby Boomer generation. We want to leave our children with the awakened awareness of how to take care of our humanoid sentient intelligent species and our planet while setting our sights into space for the future of terra forming and colonizing other planets.

We are now writing our own history with synergy communication through our Ascension Center Information Resource.

Theresa J. Thurmond Morris is our Founder and offers her services as a friend and mentor.

Metaphysical Cosmology

By The Founder of ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION, TJ MORRIS

We in the new Ascension Age are learning the ways of communication of cosmology and etymology and ethnology while attempting to learn what sustainability of our planet and species entails. We share what we are all working towards as a Global Brain Consciousness in the world. We are now working with TJ Morris and Ascension Center together as the Ascension Center Organization Project on the Internet in cyberspace. We shall share the various levels of reality in this world and cyberspace virtual world, in space, and the Akashic field. We work with Theoretical Physicists, and Metaphysical Science Researchers. We work  with Spiritual Guides and Spiritual Intellectuals including those who are interested in the history and mysteries of the Ancient Astronaut Theory. We share the movie and entertainment interests and our forever growing interests of our cultural heritage in not only maintaining our needs as food, clothing, shelter, and family traditions, but our cultural traditions as well. We share in the self guided teach yourself role of the internet with TJ Morris & Friends that are in the ACE Folklife Club. This is a private club which is part of the Ascension Center Organization of TJ Morris Publishing Network on the Internet and we meet at Whole Life Expos in Canada and in the United States. We also share other travel industry and tourism expos and special events. We are organizers. We are also mediators, and social entrepreneurs. We are authors of our own life stories and share the support of all art, culture, education.

Cosmology

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the free encyclopedia in Wikipedia talk page since we have been working together on this definition since October 2008.

The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field. Almost every speck of light in this image is an entire galaxy. This is just a small region of a Universe which could contain as many as 200 billion galaxies.

Cosmology is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole.

Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order.

Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics.

Though the word cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, metaphysics, and religion. Related studies include cosmogony, which focuses on the origin of the Universe, and cosmography, which maps the features of the Universe. Cosmology is also connected to astronomy. However, they are contrasted in that while the former is concerned with the Universe in its entirety, the latter deals with individual celestial objects.

Contents :

1 Disciplines

2 Historical cosmologies

3 Physical cosmology

4 Metaphysical cosmologies

5 See also

6 Notes

7 References

8 External links

Disciplines

In recent times, physics and astrophysics have played a central role in shaping the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. What is known as physical cosmology shaped through both mathematics and observation the analysis of the whole universe. It is generally understood to begin with the Big Bang, followed almost instantaneously by cosmic inflation - an expansion of space from which the universe is thought to have emerged ~13.7±0.2×109 (roughly 13.5–13.9 billion) years ago.[3]

Physical cosmologists propose that the history of the universe has been governed entirely by physical laws. Such theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by Roger Bacon.citation needed] Between the domains of religion and science stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw intuitive conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, a supernatural creator, and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation.

Metaphysical cosmology has also been described as the placing of man in the universe in relationship to all other entities. This is exemplified by the observation made by Marcus Aurelius of a man's place in that relationship: "He who does not know what the world is does not know where he is, and he who does not know for what purpose the world exists, does not know who he is, nor what the world is."[4]

Cosmology is often an important aspect of the creation myths of religions that seek to explain the existence and nature of reality. In some cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding humanity's role in the universe.

A more contemporary distinction between religion and philosophy, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its less tradition-bound construction and reliance on modern "intellectual understanding" rather than faith, and from philosophy in its emphasis on spirituality as a formative concept.

Historical cosmologies

Further information: Timeline of cosmology

Name    Author and date               Classification      Remarks

Brahmanda (Hindu Cosmology) Hindu Rigveda (unknown  BC)    Cyclical or oscillating, Infinite in time      

Babylonian cosmology   Babylonian literature and Old Testament (3000–500 BC)                Flat earth floating in infinite "waters of chaos"             The Earth and the Heavens form a unit within infinite "waters of chaos"; the earth is flat and circular, and a solid dome (the "firmament") keeps out the outer "chaos"-ocean.

Atomist universe             Anaxagoras (500–428 BC) & later Epicurus            Infinite in extent              The universe contains only two things: an infinite number of tiny seeds, or atoms, and the void of infinite extent. All atoms are made of the same substance, but differ in size and shape. Objects are formed from atom aggregations and decay back into atoms. Incorporates Leucippus' principle of causality: "nothing happens at random; everything happens out of reason and necessity." The universe was not ruled by gods.

Pythagorean universe   Philolaus (d. 390 BC)       Existence of a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe.          At the center of the Universe is a central fire, around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolve uniformly. The Sun revolves around the central fire once a year, the stars are immobile. The earth in its motion maintains the same hidden face towards the central fire, hence it is never seen. This is the first known non-geocentric model of the Universe.[5]

Stoic universe    Stoics (300 BC - 200 AD) Island universe The cosmos is finite and surrounded by an infinite void. It is in a state of flux, as it pulsates in size and periodically passes through upheavals and conflagrations.

Aristotelian universe      Aristotle (384–322 BC)   Geocentric, static, steady state, finite extent, infinite time           Spherical earth is surrounded by concentric celestial spheres. Universe exists unchanged throughout eternity. Contains a fifth element, called aether (later known as quintessence), added to the four Classical elements.

Aristarchean universe    Aristarchus (circa 280 BC)              Heliocentric        Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves annually about the sun in a circular orbit. Sphere of fixed stars is centered about the sun.

Ptolemaic model (based on Aristotelian universe)            Ptolemy (2nd century AD)           Geocentric          Universe orbits about a stationary Earth. Planets move in circular epicycles, each having a center that moved in a larger circular orbit (called an eccentric or a deferent) around a center-point near the Earth. The use of equants added another level of complexity and allowed astronomers to predict the positions of the planets. The most successful universe model of all time, using the criterion of longevity. Almagest (the Great System).

Aryabhatan model          Aryabhata (499)                Geocentric or Heliocentric           The Earth rotates and the planets move in elliptical orbits, possibly around either the Earth or the Sun. It is uncertain whether the model is geocentric or heliocentric due to planetary orbits given with respect to both the Earth and the Sun.

Medieval universe          Medieval philosophers (500–1200)          Finite in time      A universe that is finite in time and has a beginning is proposed by the Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, who argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. Logical arguments supporting a finite universe are developed by the early Muslim philosopher Alkindus, the Jewish philosopher Saadia Gaon and the Muslim theologian Algazel.

Multiversal cosmology   Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)                Multiverse, multiple worlds & universes               There exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes.

Maragha models              Maragha school (1259–1528)      Geocentric          Various modifications to Ptolemaic model and Aristotelian universe, including rejection of equant and eccentrics at Maragheh observatory, and introduction of Tusi-couple by Al-Tusi. Alternative models later proposed, including the first accurate lunar model by Ibn al-Shatir, a model rejecting stationary Earth in favour of Earth's rotation by Ali Ku?çu, and planetary model incorporating "circular inertia" by Al-Birjandi.

Nilakanthan model          Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544)             Geocentric and Heliocentric        A universe in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth, similar to the later Tychonic system.

Copernican universe      Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543)              Heliocentric with circular planetary orbits              First clearly described heliocentric model, in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.

Tychonic system               Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)             Geocentric and Heliocentric        A universe in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth, similar to the earlier Nilakanthan model.

Keplerian             Johann Kepler (1571–1630)         Heliocentric with elliptical planetary orbits            Kepler's discoveries, marrying mathematics and physics, provided the foundation for our present conception of the Solar system, but distant stars were still seen as objects in a thin, fixed celestial sphere.

Static Newtonian             Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)     Static (evolving), steady state, infinite    Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle. Matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed. Gravitationally balanced but unstable.

Cartesian Vortex universe           René Descartes

17th century

Static (evolving), steady state, infinite    A system of huge swirling whirlpools of aethereal or fine matter produces what we would call gravitational effects. His vacuum was not empty. All space was filled with matter that swirled around in large and small vortices.

Hierarchical universe      Immanuel Kant, Johann Lambert 18th century   Static (evolving), steady state, infinite    Matter is clustered on ever larger scales of hierarchy. Matter is endlessly being recycled.

Einstein Universe with a cosmological constant  Albert Einstein 1917        Static (nominally). Bounded (finite)         "Matter without motion." Contains uniformly distributed matter. Uniformly curved spherical space; based on Riemann's hypersphere. Curvature is set equal to Λ. In effect Λ is equivalent to a repulsive force which counteracts gravity. Unstable.

De Sitter universe            Willem de Sitter 1917     Expanding flat space.

Steady state. Λ > 0

"Motion without matter." Only apparently static. Based on Einstein's General Relativity. Space expands with constant acceleration. Scale factor (radius of universe) increases exponentially, i.e. constant inflation.

MacMillan universe        William Duncan MacMillan 1920s               Static &

steady state

New matter is created from radiation. Starlight is perpetually recycled into new matter particles.

Friedmann universe of spherical space  Alexander Friedmann 1922          Spherical expanding space.

k= +1 ; no Λ

Positive curvature. Curvature constant k = +1

Expands then recollapses. Spatially closed (finite).

Friedmann universe of hyperbolic space               Alexander Friedmann 1924          Hyperbolic expanding space.

k= -1 ; no Λ

Negative curvature. Said to be infinite (but ambiguous). Unbounded. Expands forever.

Dirac large numbers hypothesis                Paul Dirac 1930s                Expanding           Demands a large variation in G, which decreases with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves.

Friedmann zero-curvature, a.k.a. the Einstein-DeSitter universe               Einstein & DeSitter 1932                Expanding flat space.

k= 0 ; Λ = 0 Critical density

Curvature constant k = 0. Said to be infinite (but ambiguous). 'Unbounded cosmos of limited extent.' Expands forever. 'Simplest' of all known universes. Named after but not considered by Friedmann. Has a deceleration term q =½ which means that its expansion rate slows down.

The original Big Bang. a.k.a. Friedmann-Lemaître Model                Georges Lemaître 1927–29          Expansion

Λ > 0 Λ > |Gravity|

Λ is positive and has a magnitude greater than Gravity. Universe has initial high density state ('primeval atom'). Followed by a two stage expansion. Λ is used to destabilize the universe. (Lemaître is considered to be the father of the big bang model.)

Oscillating universe

(a.k.a. Friedmann-Einstein; was latter's 1st choice after rejecting his own 1917 model)

Favored by Friedmann

1920s

Expanding and contracting in cycles         Time is endless and beginningless; thus avoids the beginning-of-time paradox. Perpetual cycles of big bang followed by big crunch.

Eddington           Arthur Eddington 1930   First Static

then Expands

Static Einstein 1917 universe with its instability disturbed into expansion mode; with relentless matter dilution becomes a DeSitter universe. Λ dominates gravity.

Milne universe of kinematic relativity     Edward Milne, 1933, 1935;

William H. McCrea, 1930s

Kinematic expansion with NO space expansion  Rejects general relativity and the expanding space paradigm. Gravity not included as initial assumption. Obeys cosmological principle & rules of special relativity. The Milne expanding universe consists of a finite spherical cloud of particles (or galaxies) that expands WITHIN flat space which is infinite and otherwise empty. It has a center and a cosmic edge (the surface of the particle cloud) which expands at light speed. His explanation of gravity was elaborate and unconvincing. For instance, his universe has an infinite number of particles, hence infinite mass, within a finite cosmic volume.

Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker class of models                Howard Robertson, Arthur Walker, 1935               Uniformly expanding           Class of universes that are homogenous and isotropic. Spacetime separates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time common to all comoving observers. The formulation system is now known as the FLRW or Robertson-Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved space.

Steady-state expanding (Bondi & Gold) Herman Bondi, Thomas Gold 1948            Expanding, steady state, infinite                Matter creation rate maintains constant density. Continuous creation out of nothing from nowhere. Exponential expansion. Deceleration term q = -1.

Steady-state expanding (Hoyle)                Fred Hoyle 1948                Expanding, steady state; but unstable    Matter creation rate maintains constant density. But since matter creation rate must be exactly balanced with the space expansion rate the system is unstable.

Ambiplasma       Hannes Alfvén 1965 Oskar Klein                Cellular universe, expanding by means of matter-antimatter annihilation        Based on the concept of plasma cosmology. The universe is viewed as meta-galaxies divided by double layers —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic matter-antimatter annihilations keep the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.

Brans-Dicke        Carl H. Brans; Robert H. Dicke     Expanding           Based on Mach's principle. G varies with time as universe expands. "But nobody is quite sure what Mach's principle actually means."[citation needed]

Cosmic inflation                Alan Guth 1980 Big Bang with modification to solve horizon problem and flatness problem.                Based on the concept of hot inflation. The universe is viewed as a multiple quantum flux —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic expansion kept the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.

Eternal Inflation (a multiple universe model)       Andreï Linde 1983            Big Bang with cosmic inflation     A multiverse, based on the concept of cold inflation, in which inflationary events occur at random each with independent initial conditions; some expand into bubble universes supposedly like our entire cosmos. Bubbles nucleate in a spacetime foam.

Cyclic model       Paul Steinhardt; Neil Turok 2002                Expanding and contracting in cycles; M theory.  Two parallel orbifold planes or M-branes collide periodically in a higher dimensional space. With quintessence or dark energy

Cyclic model       Lauris Baum;Paul Frampton 2007              Solution of Tolman's entropy problem   Phantom dark energy fragments universe into large number of disconnected patches. Our patch contracts containing only dark energy with zero entropy.

Table notes: the term "static" simply means not expanding and not contracting. Symbol G represents Newton's gravitational constant; Λ (Lambda) is the cosmological constant.

Physical cosmology

Main article: Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the heavens. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. This is known as one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology.

With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology.

Modern scientific cosmology is usually considered to have begun in 1917 with Albert Einstein's publication of his final modification of general relativity in the paper "Cosmological Considerations of the General Theory of Relativity," (although this paper was not widely available outside of Germany until the end of World War I). General relativity prompted cosmogonists such as Willem de Sitter, Karl Schwarzschild and Arthur Eddington to explore the astronomical consequences of the theory, which enhanced the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this (and for some time afterwards), physicists assumed that the Universe was static and unchanging.

In parallel to this dynamic approach to cosmology, one long-standing debate about the structure of the cosmos was coming to a climax. Mount Wilson astronomer Harlow Shapley championed the model of a cosmos made up of the Milky Way star system only ; while Heber D. Curtis argued for the idea that spiral nebulae were star systems in their own right – island universes. This difference of ideas came to a climax with the organization of the Great Debate at the meeting of the (US) National Academy of Sciences in Washington on 26 April 1920. The resolution of this debate came with the detection of novae in the Andromeda galaxy by Edwin Hubble in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond the edge of the Milky Way and has galaxies of their own.

Subsequent modeling of the universe explored the possibility that the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein in his 1917 paper may result in an expanding universe, depending on its value. Thus the big bang model was proposed by the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 which was subsequently corroborated by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. These findings were a first step to rule out some of many alternative physical cosmologies.

Recent observations made by the COBE and WMAP satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists' eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called Cosmic inflation, which is a modification of the standard big bang model. This has led many to refer to modern times as the "Golden age of cosmology."[6]

Metaphysical cosmology

See also: Religious cosmology

In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the Universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approaches these questions using philosophical methods (e.g. dialectics). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as:

What is the origin of the Universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism)

What are the ultimate material components of the Universe? (see mechanism, dynamism, hylomorphism, atomism)

What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the Universe? Does the cosmos have a purpose? (see teleology)

Does the existence of consciousness have a purpose? How do we know what we know about the totality of the cosmos? Does cosmological reasoning reveal metaphysical truths? (see epistemology)

See also

Astronomy portal

Absolute time and space

Astrology

Astronomy

List of astrophysicists

Non-standard cosmology

Taiji (philosophy)

Tao

Notes

^ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9988-instant-expert-cosmology.html

^ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cosmology

^ Spergel; Verde; Peiris; Komatsu; Nolta; Bennett; Halpern; Hinshaw et al (2003). "First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations". arXiv:astro-ph/0302209 [astro-ph].

^ "The thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antonius viii. 52".

^ Boyer, C. A History of Mathematics. Wiley, p. 54.

^ Alan Guth is reported to have made this very claim in an Edge Foundation interview EDGE

References

Cronin, Vincent, The View from Planet Earth: Man Looks at the Cosmos, New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1981, ISBN 0-688-00642-6

Jean-Marc Rouvière, Brèves méditations sur la création du monde, L'Harmattan, Paris 2006.

Roos, Matts Introduction to Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester: 2003.

Hawley, John F. & Katerine A. Holcomb Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1998.

Hetherington, Norriss S. Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. Garland Publishing, New York: 1993.

Long, Barry. The Origins of Man and the Universe ISBN 0-9508050-6-8

Martinus Thomsen's The Third Testament is about the explanation of life, everything inside it and the reason (or origin) of it.

Arthur Koestler's The Sleepwalkers (1959) provides a scholarly study of the history of cosmology from the Chaldeans to Kepler.

Schechner, Sara J. Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1997.

Weinberg, Steven, 1992. Dreams of a Final Theory (Pantheon Books, NY) ISBN 0-679-41923-3 – non-technical book.

Weinberg, Steven, 2008, Cosmology (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0198526822 – theoretical textbook.

External links

Look up cosmology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics

Project Cosmology A schematic for the cosmos (3D, interactive unification of scientific schematics)

Introduction to Cosmology David Lyth's lectures from the ICTP Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology

The Sophia Centre The Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David

the Genesis cosmic chemistry module

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Cosmology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field. Almost every speck of light in this image is an entire galaxy. This is just a small region of a Universe which could contain as many as 200 billion galaxies.

Cosmology is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order. ^[1] Modern cosmology is dominated by the Big Bang theory, which brings together observational astronomy and particle physics.^[2]

Though the word cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), the study of the universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism,metaphysics, and religion. Related studies include cosmogony, which focuses on the origin of the Universe, and cosmography, which maps the features of the Universe. Cosmology is also connected to astronomy. However, they are contrasted in that while the former is concerned with the Universe in its entirety, the latter deals with individual celestial objects.

Contents   [hide]  1 Disciplines 2 Historical cosmologies 3 Physical cosmology 4 Metaphysical cosmology 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

[edit]Disciplines

In recent times, physics and astrophysics have played a central role in shaping the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. What is known as physical cosmology shaped through both mathematics and observation the analysis of the whole universe. It is generally understood to begin with the Big Bang, followed almost instantaneously by cosmic inflation - an expansion of space from which the universe is thought to have emerged ~13.7±0.2×10⁹ (roughly 13.5–13.9 billion) years ago.^[3]

Physical cosmologists propose that the history of the universe has been governed entirely by physical laws. Such theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by Roger Bacon.^{[citation needed]} Between the domains of religion and science stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw intuitive conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, a supernatural creator, and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation.

Metaphysical cosmology has also been described as the placing of man in the universe in relationship to all other entities. This is exemplified by the observation made by Marcus Aurelius of a man's place in that relationship: "He who does not know what the world is does not know where he is, and he who does not know for what purpose the world exists, does not know who he is, nor what the world is."^[4]

Cosmology is often an important aspect of the creation myths of religions that seek to explain the existence and nature of reality. In some cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding humanity's role in the universe.

A more contemporary distinction between religion and philosophy, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its less tradition-bound construction and reliance on modern "intellectual understanding" rather than faith, and fromphilosophy in its emphasis on spirituality as a formative concept.

[edit]Historical cosmologies

Name	Author and date	Classification	Remarks
Brahmanda (Hindu Cosmology)	Hindu Rigveda(unknown  BC)	Cyclical or oscillating, Infinite in time
Babylonian cosmology	Babylonian literature and Old Testament (3000–500 BC)	Flat earth floating in infinite "waters of chaos"	The Earth and the Heavens form a unit within infinite "waters of chaos"; the earth is flat and circular, and a solid dome (the "firmament") keeps out the outer "chaos"-ocean.
Atomist universe	Anaxagoras (500–428 BC) & laterEpicurus	Infinite in extent	The universe contains only two things: an infinite number of tiny seeds, or atoms, and the void of infinite extent. All atoms are made of the same substance, but differ in size and shape. Objects are formed from atom aggregations and decay back into atoms. Incorporates Leucippus' principle of causality: "nothing happens at random; everything happens out of reason and necessity." The universe was not ruled by gods.
Pythagorean universe	Philolaus (d. 390 BC)	Existence of a "Central Fire" at the center of the Universe.	At the center of the Universe is a central fire, around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolve uniformly. The Sun revolves around the central fire once a year, the stars are immobile. The earth in its motion maintains the same hidden face towards the central fire, hence it is never seen. This is the first known non-geocentric model of the Universe.[5]
Stoic universe	Stoics(300 BC - 200 AD)	Island universe	The cosmos is finite and surrounded by an infinite void. It is in a state of flux, as it pulsates in size and periodically passes through upheavals and conflagrations.
Aristotelian universe	Aristotle (384–322 BC)	Geocentric, static, steady state, finite extent, infinite time	Spherical earth is surrounded by concentric celestial spheres. Universe exists unchanged throughout eternity. Contains a fifth element, called aether (later known as quintessence), added to the four Classical elements.
Aristarchean universe	Aristarchus(circa 280 BC)	Heliocentric	Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves annually about the sun in a circular orbit. Sphere of fixed stars is centered about the sun.
Ptolemaic model (based on Aristotelian universe)	Ptolemy(2nd century AD)	Geocentric	Universe orbits about a stationary Earth. Planets move in circular epicycles, each having a center that moved in a larger circular orbit (called an eccentric or a deferent) around a center-point near the Earth. The use of equants added another level of complexity and allowed astronomers to predict the positions of the planets. The most successful universe model of all time, using the criterion of longevity. Almagest (the Great System).
Aryabhatan model	Aryabhata (499)	Geocentric or Heliocentric	The Earth rotates and the planets move in elliptical orbits, possibly around either the Earth or the Sun. It is uncertain whether the model is geocentric or heliocentric due to planetary orbits given with respect to both the Earth and the Sun.
Medieval universe	Medieval philosophers(500–1200)	Finite in time	A universe that is finite in time and has a beginning is proposed by the Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, who argues against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. Logical arguments supporting a finite universe are developed by the early Muslim philosopher Alkindus, the Jewish philosopher Saadia Gaon and the Muslim theologian Algazel.
Multiversal cosmology	Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)	Multiverse, multiple worlds & universes	There exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes.
Maragha models	Maragha school(1259–1528)	Geocentric	Various modifications to Ptolemaic model and Aristotelian universe, including rejection of equant and eccentrics at Maragheh observatory, and introduction of Tusi-coupleby Al-Tusi. Alternative models later proposed, including the first accurate lunar model by Ibn al-Shatir, a model rejecting stationary Earth in favour of Earth's rotation by Ali Kuşçu, and planetary model incorporating "circular inertia" by Al-Birjandi.
Nilakanthan model	Nilakantha Somayaji (1444–1544)	Geocentric and Heliocentric	A universe in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth, similar to the later Tychonic system.
Copernican universe	Nicolaus Copernicus(1473–1543)	Heliocentric with circular planetary orbits	First clearly described heliocentric model, in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.
Tychonic system	Tycho Brahe(1546–1601)	Geocentric and Heliocentric	A universe in which the planets orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the Earth, similar to the earlier Nilakanthan model.
Keplerian	Johann Kepler(1571–1630)	Heliocentric with elliptical planetary orbits	Kepler's discoveries, marrying mathematics and physics, provided the foundation for our present conception of the Solar system, but distant stars were still seen as objects in a thin, fixed celestial sphere.
Static Newtonian	Sir Isaac Newton(1642–1727)	Static (evolving), steady state, infinite	Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle. Matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed. Gravitationally balanced but unstable.
Cartesian Vortexuniverse	René Descartes 17th century	Static (evolving), steady state, infinite	A system of huge swirling whirlpools of aethereal or fine matter produces what we would call gravitational effects. His vacuum was not empty. All space was filled with matter that swirled around in large and small vortices.
Hierarchical universe	Immanuel Kant,Johann Lambert18th century	Static (evolving), steady state, infinite	Matter is clustered on ever larger scales of hierarchy. Matter is endlessly being recycled.
Einstein Universe with a cosmological constant	Albert Einstein1917	Static (nominally). Bounded (finite)	"Matter without motion." Contains uniformly distributed matter. Uniformly curved spherical space; based on Riemann's hypersphere. Curvature is set equal to Λ. In effect Λ is equivalent to a repulsive force which counteracts gravity. Unstable.
De Sitter universe	Willem de Sitter1917	Expanding flat space. Steady state. Λ > 0	"Motion without matter." Only apparently static. Based on Einstein's General Relativity. Space expands with constant acceleration. Scale factor (radius of universe) increases exponentially, i.e. constant inflation.
MacMillan universe	William Duncan MacMillan 1920s	Static & steady state	New matter is created from radiation. Starlight is perpetually recycled into new matter particles.
Friedmann universe of spherical space	Alexander Friedmann 1922	Spherical expanding space. k= +1 ; no Λ	Positive curvature. Curvature constant k = +1 Expands then recollapses. Spatially closed (finite).
Friedmann universe of hyperbolic space	Alexander Friedmann 1924	Hyperbolicexpanding space. k= -1 ; no Λ	Negative curvature. Said to be infinite (but ambiguous). Unbounded. Expands forever.
Dirac large numbers hypothesis	Paul Dirac 1930s	Expanding	Demands a large variation in G, which decreases with time. Gravity weakens as universe evolves.
Friedmann zero-curvature, a.k.a. the Einstein-DeSitter universe	Einstein & DeSitter 1932	Expanding flat space. k= 0 ; Λ = 0 Critical density	Curvature constant k = 0. Said to be infinite (but ambiguous). 'Unbounded cosmos of limited extent.' Expands forever. 'Simplest' of all known universes. Named after but not considered by Friedmann. Has a deceleration term q =½ which means that its expansion rate slows down.
The original Big Bang. a.k.a. Friedmann-Lemaître Model	Georges Lemaître1927–29	Expansion Λ > 0 Λ > |Gravity|	Λ is positive and has a magnitude greater than Gravity. Universe has initial high density state ('primeval atom'). Followed by a two stage expansion. Λ is used to destabilize the universe. (Lemaître is considered to be the father of the big bang model.)
Oscillating universe (a.k.a. Friedmann-Einstein; was latter's 1st choice after rejecting his own 1917 model)	Favored by Friedmann 1920s	Expanding and contracting in cycles	Time is endless and beginningless; thus avoids the beginning-of-time paradox. Perpetual cycles of big bang followed by big crunch.
Eddington	Arthur Eddington1930	First Static then Expands	Static Einstein 1917 universe with its instability disturbed into expansion mode; with relentless matter dilution becomes a DeSitter universe. Λ dominates gravity.
Milne universe of kinematic relativity	Edward Milne, 1933, 1935; William H. McCrea, 1930s	Kinematic expansion with NO space expansion	Rejects general relativity and the expanding space paradigm. Gravity not included as initial assumption. Obeys cosmological principle & rules of special relativity. The Milne expanding universe consists of a finite spherical cloud of particles (or galaxies) that expands WITHIN flat space which is infinite and otherwise empty. It has a center and a cosmic edge (the surface of the particle cloud) which expands at light speed. His explanation of gravity was elaborate and unconvincing. For instance, his universe has an infinite number of particles, hence infinite mass, within a finite cosmic volume.
Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker class of models	Howard Robertson, Arthur Walker, 1935	Uniformly expanding	Class of universes that are homogenous and isotropic. Spacetime separates into uniformly curved space and cosmic time common to all comoving observers. The formulation system is now known as the FLRW or Robertson-Walker metrics of cosmic time and curved space.
Steady-state expanding (Bondi & Gold)	Herman Bondi,Thomas Gold1948	Expanding, steady state, infinite	Matter creation rate maintains constant density. Continuous creation out of nothing from nowhere. Exponential expansion. Deceleration term q = -1.
Steady-state expanding (Hoyle)	Fred Hoyle 1948	Expanding, steady state; but unstable	Matter creation rate maintains constant density. But since matter creation rate must be exactly balanced with the space expansion rate the system is unstable.
Ambiplasma	Hannes Alfvén1965 Oskar Klein	Cellular universe, expanding by means of matter-antimatter annihilation	Based on the concept of plasma cosmology. The universe is viewed as meta-galaxies divided by double layers —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic matter-antimatter annihilations keep the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.
Brans-Dicke	Carl H. Brans;Robert H. Dicke	Expanding	Based on Mach's principle. G varies with time as universe expands. "But nobody is quite sure what Mach's principle actually means."[citation needed]
Cosmic inflation	Alan Guth 1980	Big Bang with modification to solvehorizon problem andflatness problem.	Based on the concept of hot inflation. The universe is viewed as a multiple quantum flux —hence its bubble-like nature. Other universes are formed from other bubbles. Ongoing cosmic expansion kept the bubbles separated and moving apart preventing them from interacting.
Eternal Inflation (a multiple universe model)	Andreï Linde 1983	Big Bang withcosmic inflation	A multiverse, based on the concept of cold inflation, in which inflationary events occur at random each with independent initial conditions; some expand into bubble universes supposedly like our entire cosmos. Bubbles nucleate in a spacetime foam.
Cyclic model	Paul Steinhardt;Neil Turok 2002	Expanding and contracting in cycles; M theory.	Two parallel orbifold planes or M-branes collide periodically in a higher dimensional space. With quintessence or dark energy
Cyclic model	Lauris Baum;Paul Frampton 2007	Solution of Tolman's entropy problem	Phantom dark energy fragments universe into large number of disconnected patches. Our patch contracts containing only dark energy with zero entropy.

Table notes: the term "static" simply means not expanding and not contracting. Symbol G represents Newton's gravitational constant; Λ (Lambda) is the cosmological constant.

[edit]Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the branch of physics and astrophysics that deals with the study of the physical origins and evolution of the Universe. It also includes the study of the nature of the Universe on its very largest scales. In its earliest form it was what is now known as celestial mechanics, the study of the heavens. The Greek philosophers Aristarchus of Samos, Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed different cosmological theories. In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century. This is known as one of the most famous examples of epistemological rupture in physical cosmology.

With Isaac Newton and the 1687 publication of Principia Mathematica, the problem of the motion of the heavens was finally solved. Newton provided a physical mechanism for Kepler's laws and his law of universal gravitation allowed the anomalies in previous systems, caused by gravitational interaction between the planets, to be resolved. A fundamental difference between Newton's cosmology and those preceding it was the Copernican principle that the bodies on earth obey the same physical laws as all the celestial bodies. This was a crucial philosophical advance in physical cosmology.

Modern scientific cosmology is usually considered to have begun in 1917 with Albert Einstein's publication of his final modification of general relativity in the paper "Cosmological Considerations of the General Theory of Relativity," (although this paper was not widely available outside of Germany until the end of World War I). General relativity prompted cosmogonists such as Willem de Sitter, Karl Schwarzschild and Arthur Eddington to explore the astronomical consequences of the theory, which enhanced the growing ability of astronomers to study very distant objects. Prior to this (and for some time afterwards), physicists assumed that the Universe was static and unchanging.

In parallel to this dynamic approach to cosmology, one long-standing debate about the structure of the cosmos was coming to a climax. Mount Wilson astronomer Harlow Shapley championed the model of a cosmos made up of the Milky Way star system only ; while Heber D. Curtis argued for the idea that spiral nebulae were star systems in their own right – island universes. This difference of ideas came to a climax with the organization of the Great Debate at the meeting of the (US) National Academy of Sciences in Washington on 26 April 1920. The resolution of this debate came with the detection of novae in the Andromeda galaxy by Edwin Hubble in 1923 and 1924. Their distance established spiral nebulae well beyond the edge of the Milky Way and has galaxies of their own.

Subsequent modeling of the universe explored the possibility that the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein in his 1917 paper may result in an expanding universe, depending on its value. Thus the big bang model was proposed by theBelgian priest Georges Lemaître in 1927 which was subsequently corroborated by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. These findings were a first step to rule out some of many alternative physical cosmologies.

Recent observations made by the COBE and WMAP satellites observing this background radiation have effectively, in many scientists' eyes, transformed cosmology from a highly speculative science into a predictive science, as these observations matched predictions made by a theory called Cosmic inflation, which is a modification of the standard big bang model. This has led many to refer to modern times as the "Golden age of cosmology."^[6]

[edit]Metaphysical cosmology

In philosophy and metaphysics, cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the Universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approaches these questions using philosophical methods (e.g. dialectics). Modern metaphysical cosmology tries to address questions such as:

• What is the origin of the Universe? What is its first cause? Is its existence necessary? (see monism, pantheism, emanationism and creationism)
• What are the ultimate material components of the Universe? (see mechanism, dynamism, hylomorphism, atomism)
• What is the ultimate reason for the existence of the Universe? Does the cosmos have a purpose? (see teleology)
• Does the existence of consciousness have a purpose? How do we know what we know about the totality of the cosmos? Does cosmological reasoning reveal metaphysical truths? (see epistemology)

[edit]See also

• Absolute time and space
• Astrology
• Astronomy
• List of astrophysicists
• Non-standard cosmology
• Taiji (philosophy)
• Tao

[edit]Notes

[edit]References

• Cronin, Vincent, The View from Planet Earth: Man Looks at the Cosmos, New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1981, ISBN 0-688-00642-6
• Jean-Marc Rouvière, Brèves méditations sur la création du monde, L'Harmattan, Paris 2006.
• Roos, Matts Introduction to Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester: 2003.
• Hawley, John F. & Katerine A. Holcomb Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1998.
• Hetherington, Norriss S. Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. Garland Publishing, New York: 1993.
• Long, Barry. The Origins of Man and the Universe ISBN 0-9508050-6-8
• Martinus Thomsen's The Third Testament is about the explanation of life, everything inside it and the reason (or origin) of it.
• Arthur Koestler's The Sleepwalkers (1959) provides a scholarly study of the history of cosmology from the Chaldeans to Kepler.
• Schechner, Sara J. Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1997.
• Weinberg, Steven, 1992. Dreams of a Final Theory (Pantheon Books, NY) ISBN 0-679-41923-3 – non-technical book.
• Weinberg, Steven, 2008, Cosmology (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0198526822 – theoretical textbook.

[edit]External links

Look up cosmology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
• Project Cosmology A schematic for the cosmos (3D, interactive unification of scientific schematics)
• Introduction to Cosmology David Lyth's lectures from the ICTP Summer School in High Energy Physics and Cosmology
• The Sophia Centre The Sophia Centre for the Study of Cosmology in Culture, University of Wales Trinity Saint David
• the Genesis cosmic chemistry module

Astronomy portal

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Dharma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the term in Indian religions. For other uses, see Dharma (disambiguation).

Dharma  listen (help·info) (Sanskrit: धर्म dhárma, Pali: धम्म dhamma; lit. that which upholds, supports or maintains the regulatory order of the universe[1]) means Law or Natural Law and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. As well as referring to Law in the universal or abstract sense dharma designates those behaviours considered necessary for the maintenance of the natural order of things.[2]

Therefore dharma may encompass ideas such as duty,[3] vocation, religion and everything that is considered correct, proper or decent behaviour. The idea of dharma as duty or propriety derives from an idea found in India's ancient legal and religious texts that there is a divinely instituted natural order of things (rta) and justice, social harmony and human happiness require that human beings discern and live in a manner appropriate to the requirements of that order.

 According to the various Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism, beings that live in accordance with dharma proceed more quickly toward dharma yukam, moksha or nirvana (personal liberation). The antonym of dharma is adharma, meaning unnatural or immoral.

In traditional Hindu society, dharma has historically denoted a variety of ideas, such as Vedic ritual, ethical conduct, caste rules, and civil and criminal law. Its most common meaning pertains to two principal ideals; that social life should be structured through well-defined and well-regulated classes (varna), and that an individual's life within a class should be organized into defined stages (ashrama, see dharmasastra).[4] A Hindu's dharma is affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender.[5]

In modern Indian languages it can refer simply to a person's religion, depending on the context. Dharma also refers to the teachings and doctrines of the founders of Buddhism and Jainism, the Buddha and Mahavira.

In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for "phenomenon".[6]

Contents 

1 Etymology

2 Hinduism

2.1 Development

2.2 Purusartha

2.3 Deity

2.4 Technical literature

3 Buddhism

3.1 Buddha's teachings

3.2 Qualities of Buddha Dharma

3.3 Buddhist phenomenology

3.4 Righteousness

3.5 Ch'an

4 Jainism

4.1 Two Dharmas

5 Sikhism

5.1 Background

5.2 Scriptures and dharma

6 Zoroastrianism

6.1 Daena

6.2 Asha

6.3 Achaemenid Era

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

Etymology

In the Rigveda, the word appears as an n-stem, dhárman-, with a range of meanings encompassing "something established or firm" (in the literal sense of prods or poles), figuratively "sustainer, supporter" (of deities), and semantically similar to the Greek ethos ("fixed decree, statute, law"). In Classical Sanskrit, the noun becomes thematic, dharma-.

It is a derivation from Proto-Indo-Iranian root *dhar- ("to fasten, to support, to hold"), in turn reflecting Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer- ("to hold"),[7] which in Sanskrit is reflected as class-1 root √dhṛ. Etymologically it is related to Avestan √dar- ("to hold"), Old Persian √dar- ("to hold, have"), Latin frēnum ("rein, horse tack"), Lithuanian derė́ti ("to be suited, fit"), Lithuanian dermė (agreement),[8] darna ("harmony") and Old Church Slavonic drъžati ("to hold, possess"). Classical Sanskrit word dharmas would formally match with Latin o-stem firmus < *Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s "holding", were it not for its historical development from earlier Rigvedic n-stem.

From the Atharvaveda and in Classical Sanskrit, the stem is thematic, dhárma- (Devanāgarī: धर्म), and in Pāli, it takes the form dhamma. It is also often rendered dharam in contemporary Indian languages and dialects. It is used in most or all philosophies and religions of Indian origin—sometimes summarized under the umbrella term of Dharmic faiths—including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for dharma, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations.

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism are called Hindu Dharma, Buddha-Dharma, Jain-Dharma and Sikh dharma, respectively.

Hinduism

Development

In the Rig Veda, the belief (or observation) that a natural justice and harmony pervades the natural world becomes manifest in the concept of rta, which is both 'nature's way' and the order implicit in nature. Thus rta bears a resemblance to the ancient Chinese concept of tao and the Heraclitan, Stoic or Christian conceptions of the logos.

This "power" that lies behind nature and that keeps everything in balance became a natural forerunner to the idea of dharma. The idea of rta laid the cornerstone of dharma's implicit attribution to the "ultimate reality" of the surrounding universe, in classical Vedic Hinduism the following verse from the Rig-Veda is an example where rta is mentioned:

O Indra, lead us on the path of Rta, on the right path over all evils

—RV 10.133.6

The transition of the rta to the modern idea of dharma occurs in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Upanishads saw dharma as the universal principle of law, order, harmony, all in all truth, that sprang first from Brahman. It acts as the regulatory moral principle of the Universe. It is sat (truth), a major tenet of Hinduism. This hearkens back to the conception of the Rig Veda that "Ekam Sat," (Truth Is One), of the idea that Brahman is "Sacchidananda" (Truth-Consciousness-Bliss). Dharma is not just law, or harmony, it is pure Reality. In the Brihadaranyaka's own words:

Verily, that which is Dharma is truth.

Therefore they say of a man who speaks truth, "He speaks the Dharma,"

or of a man who speaks the Dharma, "He speaks the Truth."

Verily, both these things are the same.

—(Brh. Upanishad, 1.4.14) (2)

In the Mahabharata, Krishna defines dharma as,

"Dhaaranaad dharma ity aahur dharmena vidhrtaah prajaah, Yat syaad dhaarana sanyuktam sa dharma iti nishchayah,"

i.e.,

Dharma upholds both this-worldly and other-worldly affairs

—(Mbh 12.110.11).

Purusartha

Through the four ashramas, or stages of life (Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vaanprastha, Sanyaasa), a person also seeks to fulfill the four essentials (puruṣārtha) of kama (sensual pleasures), artha (worldly gain), dharma, and moksha (liberation from reincarnation or rebirth). Moksha, although the ultimate goal, is emphasized more in the last two stages of life, while artha and kama are considered primary only during Grihastha. Dharma, however is essential in all four stages. As a puruṣārtha (human goal), dharma can also be considered to be a lens through which humans plan and perform their interactions with the world. Through the dharmic lens, one focuses on doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong, while the kama perspective focuses on doing what is pleasurable (in many senses, not just sex) and avoiding pain, and the artha perspective focuses on doing what is profitable (in many senses, not just money) and avoiding loss.

Deity

Dharma is also the name of a deity or Deva in charge of dharma. Mythologically, he is said to have been born from the right breast of Brahma, is married to 13 daughters of Daksha and fathers Shama, Kama and Harahsa. He is also the father of the celebrated Rishis Hari, Krishna, Nara-Narayana.

In the epic Mahabharata, he is incarnate as Vidura.[9] Also, Dharma is invoked by Kunti and she begets her eldest son Yudhisthira from him. As such, Yudhisthira is known as Dharmaputra. There is also an assimilation of the god Dharma and Yama, the god responsible for the dead.[10]

Technical literature

In technical literature, e.g., in Sanskrit grammar, dharma also means "property" and dharmin means "property-bearer". In a Sanskrit sentence like shabdo 'nityaḥ, "sound is impermanent", "sound" is the bearer of the property "impermanence". Likewise, in the sentence iha ghataḥ, "here, there is a pot", "here" is the bearer of the property "pot-existence" – this shows that the categories of property and property-bearer are closer to those of a logical predicate and its subject-term, and not to a grammatical predicate and subject.[citation needed]

Buddhism

Main article: Dharma (Buddhism)

For many Buddhists, the Dharma most often means the body of teachings expounded by the Buddha. The word is also used in Buddhist phenomenology as a term roughly equivalent to phenomenon, a basic unit of existence and/or experience.

In East Asia, the translation for dharma is 法, pronounced fǎ in Mandarin, beop in Korean, hō in Japanese, and pháp in Vietnamese. However, the term dharma can also be transliterated from its original form.

Buddha's teachings

For practicing Buddhists, references to "dharma" (dhamma in Pali) particularly as "the Dharma", generally means the teachings of the Buddha, commonly known throughout the East as Buddha-Dharma.

The status of Dharma is regarded variably by different Buddhist traditions. Some regard it as an ultimate truth, or as the fount of all things which lies beyond the "three realms" (Sanskrit: tridhatu) and the "wheel of becoming" (Sanskrit: bhavacakra), somewhat like the pagan Greek and Christian logos: this is known as Dharmakaya (Sanskrit). Others, who regard the Buddha as simply an enlightened human being, see the Dharma as the essence of the "84,000 different aspects of the teaching" (Tibetan: chos-sgo brgyad-khri bzhi strong) that the Buddha gave to various types of people, based upon their individual propensities and capabilities.

Dharma refers not only to the sayings of the Buddha, but also to the later traditions of interpretation and addition that the various schools of Buddhism have developed to help explain and to expand upon the Buddha's teachings. For others still, they see the Dharma as referring to the "truth," or the ultimate reality of "the way that things really are" (Tib. Cho).

The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism in which practitioners of Buddhism seek refuge, or that upon which one relies for his or her lasting happiness. The Three Jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha, meaning the mind's perfection of enlightenment, the Dharma, meaning the teachings and the methods of the Buddha, and the Sangha, meaning those awakened beings who provide guidance and support to followers of the Buddha.

[edit]Qualities of Buddha Dharma

The Teaching of the Buddha also has six supreme qualities:

Svakkhato (Pali). The Dharma is not a speculative philosophy, but is the Universal Law found through enlightenment and is preached precisely. Therefore it is Excellent in the beginning (Sīla — Moral principles), Excellent in the middle (Samadhi — Concentration) and Excellent in the end, the only end that could result through fate. (Pańña — Wisdom).

Sanditthiko (Pali). The Dharma can be tested by practice and therefore he who follows it will see the result by himself through his own experience.

Akāliko (Pali). The Dharma is able to bestow timeless and immediate results here and now, through no matter which means of travel, for which there is no need to wait until the future or next existence.

Ehipassiko (Pali). The Dharma welcomes all beings to put it to the test and to experience it for themselves.

Opāneyiko (Pali). The Dharma is capable of being entered upon and therefore it is worthy to be followed as a part of one's life.

Paccattam veditabbo viññūhi (Pali). The Dharma may be perfectly realized only by the noble disciples (Pali: ariyas) who have matured and who have become enlightened in supreme wisdom.

Knowing these attributes, Buddhists hold that they will attain the greatest peace and happiness through the practice of Dharma. Each person is therefore fully responsible to engage in their own practice and commitment.

Buddhist phenomenology

Other uses include dharma, normally spelled with a small "d" (to differentiate), which refers to a phenomenon or constituent factor of human experience. This was gradually expanded into a classification of constituents of the entire material and mental world. Rejecting the substantial existence of permanent entities which are qualified by possibly changing qualities, Buddhist Abhidharma philosophers enumerated lists of dharmas which varied by school. They came to propound that these "constituent factors" are the only type of entity that truly exists (and only some thinkers gave dharmas this kind of existence). This notion is of particular importance for the analysis of human experience: Rather than assuming that mental states inhere in a cognizing subject, or a soul-substance, Buddhist philosophers largely propose that mental states alone exist as "momentary elements of consciousness" and that a subjective perceiver is assumed.

One of the central tenets of Buddhism, is the denial of a separate permanent "I", and is outlined in the three marks of existence.

Dukkha – Suffering or unsatisfactoriness (Pali: Dukkha)

Anitya – Change/Impermanence (Pali: Anicca)

Anatman – Not-Self (Pali: Annatta)

At the heart of Buddhism is the understanding of all phenomena as dependently originated.

Later, Buddhist philosophers like Nāgārjuna would question whether the dharmas (momentary elements of consciousness) truly have a separate existence of their own. (i.e. Do they exist apart from anything else?) Rejecting any inherent reality to the dharmas, he asked (rhetorically):

śūnyeṣu sarvadharmeṣu kim anantaṁ kimantavat

kim anantam antavac ca nānantaṁ nāntavacca kiṁ

kiṁ tad eva kim anyat kiṁ śāśvataṁ kim aśāśvataṁ

aśāśvataṁ śāśvataṁ ca kiṁ vā nobhayam apyataḥ 'tha

sarvopalambhpaśamaḥ prapañcopaśamaḥ śivaḥ

na kvacit kasyacit kaścid dharmo buddhena deśitaḥ|

When all dharmas are empty, what is endless? What has an end?

What is endless and with an end? What is not endless and not with an end?

What is it? What is other? What is permanent? What is impermanent?

What is impermanent and permanent? What is neither?

Auspicious is the pacification of phenomenal metastasis, the pacification of all apprehending;

There is no dharma whatsoever taught by the Buddha to whomever, whenever, wherever.

--Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, nirvṇānaparīkṣā, 25:22–24

Righteousness

According to S. N. Goenka, a teacher of Vipassana meditation, the original meaning of dhamma is "dharayati iti dharmaH", or "one that contains, supports or upholds" and dharma in the Buddhist scriptures has a variety of meanings, including "phenomenon" and "nature" or "characteristic". Dharma also means "mental contents," and is paired with citta, which means heart-mind. The pairing is paralleled with the combining of shareera (body) and vedana (feelings or sensations which arise within the body but are experienced through the mind) in major sutras such as the Mahasatipatthana sutra.

Dharma is also used to refer to the direct teachings of the Buddha, especially the discourses on the fundamental principles (such as the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path), as opposed to the parables and to the poems.

Ch'an

Dharma is employed in Ch'an in a specific context in relation to transmission of authentic doctrine, understanding and bodhi; recognized in Dharma transmission.

Jainism

Main article: Dharma (Jainism)

In Jainism, dharma is natural. Acharya Samantabhadra writes, Vatthu sahavo dhammo: "the dharma is the nature of an object". It is the nature of the soul to be free, thus for the soul, the dharma is paralaukika, beyond worldly. However the nature of the body is to seek self-preservation and be engaged in pleasures. Thus there are two dharmas.

Two Dharmas

Acharya Haribhadra (approx. 6–7th cent.) discusses dharma in Dharma-Bindu. He writes (Translation by Y. Malaiya): soayam-anuṣṭhātṛ-bhedāt dvi-vidho

gṛhastha-dharmo yati-dharmaś ca |

Because of the difference in practice, dharma is of two kinds, for the householders and for the monks.

tatra gṛhastha-dharmo api dvi-vidhaḥ

sāmanyato viśeṣataś ca |

Of the householder's dharma, there are two kinds, "ordinary" and "special"

tatra sāmanayato gṛhastha-dharmaḥ kula-krama-agatam-anindyaṃ

vibhavady-apekshayā nyāto anuṣṭhānaṃ |

The ordinary dharma of the householder should be carried out according to tradition, such that it is not objectionable, according to ones abilities such as wealth, in accordance with nyaya (everyone treated fairly and according to laws).

Somadeva suri (10th c.) terms the "ordinary" and "special" dharmas laukika ("worldly") and pralaukika ("extra-worldly") respectively:

dvau hi dharmau gṛhasthāṇam, laukikaḥ, pāralaukikaḥ |

lokāśrayo bhavedādyah, parah syād-āgama-āśrayaḥ ||

A householder follows both laukika and the paralaukika dharmas at the same time.

Sikhism

                This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Main article: Sikhism

For Sikhs, the word Dharm means the "path of righteousness". What is the "righteous path"? That is the question that the Sikh scriptures attempt to answer. The main holy scriptures of the Sikhs is called the Guru Granth Sahib. It is considered to be more than a holy book of the Sikhs. The Sikhs treat this Granth (holy book) as a living Guru. The holy text spans 1430 pages and contains the actual words spoken by the Sikh Gurus and various other Saints from other religions including Hinduism and Islam.

Sikh Dharma is a distinct religion revealed through the teachings of ten Gurus who are accepted by the followers as if they were spiritually the same. The Gurus are considered "the divine light" and they conveyed Gurbani (the word of God) in the form of the Guru Granth Sahib to the world. In this faith, God is described as both Nirgun (transcendent) and Sargun (immanent). Further, God pervades in His creation and is omnipresent, but cannot be incarnate. The principal Sikh belief lays stress on one's actions and deeds rather than religious labels, rituals or outward appearance or signs.

Background

The primary object of a Sikh's life is to seek union with God and hence, liberation from the cycle of births and deaths (cycle of re-incarnation) which is dictated by a person's thought, deeds and actions in this life. Liberation can be achieved through meditating on God, truthful living and sharing ones wealth in the context of a normal family life and through divine grace. Amrit Pahul – Sikh baptism for both men and women – was instituted in 1699 by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru. All Sikhs, on taking Amrit, are enjoined to lead a disciplined life by following a code of ethics leading to a "Saint-Soldier" way of life. In 1708, Guru Gobind Singh vested spiritual authority in the Guru Granth Sahib (the Sikh scriptures) as the eternal Guru and hence Sikh Dharma acknowledges the end of human Guruship. At the same time, the temporal authority was vested in the Khalsa Panth (a community of Sikhs who have taken Amrit).

Other important aspects of a Sikh's life include Sewa (dedication to the service of God's creation) where the emphasis is often upon manual work, undertaking of goodwill towards other faiths and their followers, to defend for justice and assistance of the oppressed. In contrast to many other faiths, Sikhs believe that when all other means to achieve justice are exhausted, then it is just to wield the sword.

Congregational worship includes the following:

Paath – Reading of the Holy scriptures

Kirtan – Singing of Shabads (hymns).

Langar – A communal vegetarian meal also call free kitchen is an important feature of the Sikh way of life, and food is served to everyone at the end of a Sikh service.

Ardas – Sikhs conclude their prayers by doing the Ardas and invoking God's blessings on everyone – not just on Sikhs.

Scriptures and dharma

The Guru Granth Sahib lays down the foundation of this "righteous path" and various salient points are found.

Sikh is bound by Dharma: The followers of this faith are bound by Dharma as advocated in their holy scriptures. The committed Sikh is encouraged to follow this path at all times. The first recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib called the Japji Sahib says the following: "The path of the faithful shall never be blocked. The faithful shall depart with honor and fame. The faithful do not follow empty religious rituals. The faithful people are fully bound to do whatever the Dharma wants them to do. Such is the Name of the Immaculate Lord. Only one who has faith comes to know such a state of mind." (14) (Guru Granth Sahib Japji page 3.)

Deeds are recorded: The persons thoughts and deeds are said to be recorded and the faithful is warned that these will be read out in the presence of the "Lord of Dharma". Two scribes called Chitr and Gupt,[11] the angels of the conscious and the subconscious mind are busy writing ones thought and deeds. On death, the soul of the person he brought before "Lord of Dharma" are these account are read out as recoded in this quote: "Day and night are the two nurses, in whose lap all the world is at play. Good deeds and bad deeds – the record is read out in the Presence of the Lord of Dharma. According to their own actions, some are drawn closer, and some are driven farther away."[12]

Dharma administered by God: The scriptures further outline how the "Judge of Dharma" administers justice depending on the way that one has conducted life on Earth. The soul is either "cleared" or "subject to God's command" depending on the review of the person history. The holy text says: "The Righteous Judge of Dharma, by the Hukam of God's Command, sits and administers True Justice".[13] and those followers who "chant the name of the Lord" are cleared as outlined thus: "Her account is cleared by the Righteous Judge of Dharma, when she chants the Name of the Lord, Har, Har."[14]

Zoroastrianism

Daena

Daena (din in modern Persian) is the eternal Law, whose order was revealed to humanity through the Mathra-Spenta ("Holy Words"). Daena has been used to mean religion, faith, law, even worship as a translation for the Hindu and Buddhist term Dharma, often interpreted as "duty" or social order, right conduct, or virtue. The metaphor of the 'path' of Daena is represented in Zoroastrianism by the muslin undershirt Sudra, the 'Good/Holy Path', and the 72-thread Kushti girdle, the "Pathfinder".

Asha

Daena should not be confused with the fundamental principle asha (Vedic rta), the equitable law of the universe, which governed the life of the ancient Indo-Iranians. For these, asha was the course of everything observable, the motion of the planets and astral bodies, the progression of the seasons, the pattern of daily nomadic herdsman life, governed by regular metronomic events such as sunrise and sunset. All physical creation (geti) was thus determined to run according to a master plan — inherent to Ahura Mazda — and violations of the order (druj) were violations against creation, and thus violations against Ahura Mazda. This concept of asha versus the druj should not be confused with the good-versus-evil battle evident in western religions, for although both forms of opposition express moral conflict, the asha versus druj concept is more systemic and less personal, representing, for instance, chaos (that opposes order); or "uncreation", evident as natural decay (that opposes creation); or more simply "the lie" (that opposes truth, righteousness). Moreover, in his role as the one uncreated creator of all, Ahura Mazda is not the creator of druj which is "nothing", anti-creation, and thus (likewise) uncreated. Thus, in Zoroaster's revelation, Ahura Mazda was perceived to be the creator of only the good (Yasna 31.4), the "supreme benevolent providence" (Yasna 43.11), that will ultimately triumph (Yasna 48.1).

In this schema of asha versus druj, mortal beings (humans and animals both) play a critical role, for they too are created. Here, in their lives, they are active participants in the conflict and it is their duty to defend order, which would decay without counteraction. Throughout the Gathas, Zoroaster emphasizes deeds and actions, and accordingly asceticism is frowned upon in Zoroastrianism. In later Zoroastrianism this was explained as fleeing from the experiences of life, which was the very purpose that the urvan (most commonly translated as the 'soul') was sent into the mortal world to collect. The avoidance of any aspect of life, which includes the avoidance of the pleasures of life, is a shirking of the responsibility and duty to oneself, one's urvan, and one's family and social obligations.

Thus, central to Zoroastrianism is the emphasis on moral choice, to choose between the responsibility and duty for which one is in the mortal world, or to give up this duty and so facilitate the work of druj. Similarly, predestination is rejected in Zoroastrian teaching. Humans bear responsibility for all situations they are in, and in the way they act to one another. Reward, punishment, happiness and grief all depend on how individuals live their life.

In Zoroastrianism, good transpires for those who do righteous deeds. Those who do evil have themselves to blame for their ruin. Zoroastrian morality is then to be summed up in the simple phrase, "good thoughts, good words, good deeds" (Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta in Avestan), for it is through these that asha is maintained and druj is kept in check.

Through accumulation several other beliefs were introduced to the religion that in some instances supersede those expressed in the Gathas. In the late 19th century the moral and immoral forces came to be represented by Spenta Mainyu and its Satanic antithesis Angra Mainyu, the 'good spirit' and 'evil spirit' emanations of Ahura Mazda respectively. Although the names are old, this opposition is a modern western-influenced development popularized by Martin Haug in the 1880s, and was in effect a realignment of the precepts of Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), which had invented a third deity, Zurvan, in order to explain a mention of twinship (Yasna 30.3) between the moral and immoral. Although Zurvanism had died out by the 10th century the critical question of the "twin brothers" mentioned in Yasna 30.3 remained, and Haug's explanation provided a convenient defence against Christian missionaries who disparaged the Parsis (Indian Zoroastrians) for their 'dualism'. Haug's concept was subsequently disseminated as a Parsi interpretation, thus corroborating Haug's theory and the idea became so popular that it is now almost universally accepted as doctrine.

Achaemenid Era

Achaemenid era (648–330 BCE) Zoroastrianism developed the abstract concepts of heaven, hell, personal and final judgement, all of which are only alluded to in the Gathas. Yasna 19 (which has only survived in a Sassanid era (226–650 CE) Zend commentary on the Ahuna Vairya invocation), prescribes a Path to Judgement known as the Chinvat Peretum or Chinvat bridge (cf: As-Sirāt in Islam), which all souls had to cross, and judgement (over thoughts, words, deeds performed during a lifetime) was passed as they were doing so. However, the Zoroastrian personal judgement is not final. At the end of time, when evil is finally defeated, all souls will be ultimately reunited with their Fravashi. Thus, Zoroastrianism can be said to be a universalist religion with respect to salvation.

In addition, and strongly influenced by Babylonian and Akkadian practices, the Achaemenids popularized shrines and temples, hitherto alien forms of worship. In the wake of Achaemenid expansion shrines were constructed throughout the empire and particularly influenced the role of Mithra, Aredvi Sura Anahita, Verethregna and Tishtrya, all of which, in addition to their original (proto-)Indo-Iranian functions, now also received Perso-Babylonian functions.

Although the worship of images would eventually fall out of favour (and be replaced by the iconoclastic fire temples), the lasting legacy of the Achaemenids was a vast, complex hierarchy of Yazatas (modern Zoroastrianism's Angels) that were now not just evident in the religion, but firmly established, not least because the divinities received dedications in the Zoroastrian calendar, thus ensuring that they were frequently invoked. Additionally, the Amesha Spenta, the six originally abstract terms that were regarded as direct emanations or aspects or "divine sparks" of Ahura Mazda, came to be personified as an archangel retinue.

See also

Buddhist philosophy

Dhammapada

Dharmacakra

Dharmasankat

Dharma Maharaja

Dharma transmission

Essence

Fard (Islamic)

Hindu philosophy

Karma

Ma'at (Egyptian)

Mitzvah (Jewish)

Mysticism

Perennial philosophy

Rta

Spontaneous order

Tao (Chinese)

Themis (Greek)

Yuga Dharma

References

^ This philosophical definition is accepted and common to both Hinduism and Buddhism

^ "...the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." citation in The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions

^ Carol Henderson Garcia Culture and customs of India. 2002, page 31

^ Ainslie Thomas Embree, Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore De Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. Columbia University Press, 1988, page 215.

^ Brodd, Jefferey (2003). World Religions. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-725-5.

^ David Kalupahana. The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15–16: "The old Indian term dharma was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this dharma as "dependently arisen phenomena" (paticca-samuppanna-dhamma) ... In order to distinguish this notion of dhamma from the Indian conception where the term dharma meant reality (atman), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilized the conception of result or consequence or fruit (attha, Sk. artha) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of dhamma."

^ Rix, Helmut, ed. (2001) (in German). Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 145.

^ Karl Brugmann, Elements of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic languages, Volume III, B. Westermann & Co., New York, 1892, p 100

^ The Mahābhārata: Book 11: The Book of the Venus Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 By Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen, James L. Fitzgerald pg.124

^ The Mahābhārata: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 By Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen, James L. Fitzgerald pg.124

^ http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=8&english=t&id=392#l392

^ Guru Granth Sahib Japji page 8, Salok.

^ Guru Granth Sahib page 38)

^ Guru Granth Sahib page 78)

Further reading

Murthy, K. Krishna. "Dharma – Its Etymology." The Tibet Journal, Vol. XXI, No. 1, Spring 1966, pp. 84–87.

Radhakrishnan, S. (1923): "Indian Philosophy Vol.1" (2nd Edition). New Delhi: Oxford India Paperbacks (Oxford University Press).

Hume, R.E.: (1921): "The Thirteen Principal Upanishads" (2nd Edition, Revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Easwaran, E. (1987): "The Upanishads" (Seventh Printing). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press.

Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi : "Hindu Dharma: The Universal Way of Life". Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Press.

Sâdhus, going beyond the dreadlocks, by Patrick Levy, published by Prakash Books, Delhi, 2010.

[edit]External links

                Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dharma

India Glossary – Dharma

Buddhism A-Z: "D" Entries

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Revision as of 07:51, 10 April 2012 (edit) Ruslik0 (talk | contribs) (→‎Gluconeogenesis:  ce) ← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 15:57, 27 April 2012 (edit) (undo) 64.189.165.239 (talk) (→‎Gluconeogenesis)
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	===Gluconeogenesis===		===Gluconeogenesis===
−	The kidney in humans is capable of producing [[glucose]] from [[lactic acid|lactate]], [[glycerol]] and [[glutamine]]. The kidney is responsible for about half of the total gluconeogenesis in fasting humans. The regulation of glucose production in the kidney is achieved by action of [[insulin]], [[catecholamines]] and other hormones.<ref name=Gerich2010>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02894.x}}</ref> The renal gluconeogenesis takes place the [[renal cortex]]. The [[renal medulla]] is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary [[enzyme]]s.<ref name=Gerich2001>{{cite pmid|11213896}}</ref>	+	The kidney in humans is capable of producing [[glucose]] from [[lactic acid|lactate]], [[glycerol]] and [[glutamine]]. The kidney is responsible for about half of the total gluconeogenesis in fasting humans. The regulation of glucose production in the kidney is achieved by action of [[insulin]], [[catecholamines]] and other hormones.<ref name=Gerich2010>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02894.x}}</ref> Renal gluconeogenesis takes place in the [[renal cortex]]. The [[renal medulla]] is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary [[enzyme]]s.<ref name=Gerich2001>{{cite pmid|11213896}}</ref>
	===Extracellular homeostasis===		===Extracellular homeostasis===

---

Latest revision as of 15:57, 27 April 2012

Renal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidney") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; regulation of fluid balance and blood pressure; maintenance of acid-base balance; the production of various hormones including erythropoietin, and the activation of vitamin D

Much of renal physiology is studied at the level of the nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron begins with a filtration component that filters blood entering the kidney. This filtrate then flows along the length of the nephron, which is a tubular structure lined by a single layer of specialized cells and surrounded by capillaries. The major functions of these lining cells are the reabsorption of water and small molecules from the filtrate into the blood, and the secretion of wastes from the blood into the urine.

Proper function of the kidney requires that it receives and adequately filters blood. This is performed at the microscopic level by many hundreds of thousands of filtration units calledrenal corpuscles, each of which is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. A global assessment of renal function is often ascertained by estimating the rate of filtration, called the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Contents   [hide]  1 Functions of the kidney 1.1 Secretion of hormones 1.2 Gluconeogenesis 1.3 Extracellular homeostasis 2 Mechanisms 2.1 Filtration 2.2 Reabsorption 2.2.1 Indirect reabsorption 2.2.2 Hormones 2.3 Secretion 3 Measurement of renal function 4 References

[edit]Functions of the kidney

The functions of the kidney can be divided into three groups: secretion of hormones, gluconeogenesis and extracellular homeostasis of pH and blood components. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

[edit]Secretion of hormones

• Secretion of erythropoietin, which regulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
• Secretion of renin, which is a key part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
• Secretion of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) and prostaglandins.

[edit]Gluconeogenesis

The kidney in humans is capable of producing glucose from lactate, glycerol and glutamine. The kidney is responsible for about half of the total gluconeogenesis in fasting humans. The regulation of glucose production in the kidney is achieved by action of insulin, catecholamines and other hormones.^[1] Renal gluconeogenesis takes place in the renal cortex. The renal medulla is incapable of producing glucose due to absence of necessary enzymes.^[2]

[edit]Extracellular homeostasis

The kidney is responsible for maintaining a balance of the following substances:

Substance	Description	Proximal tubule	Loop of Henle	Distal tubule	Collecting duct
Glucose	If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glycosuria. This is associated withdiabetes mellitus.[3]	reabsorption (almost 100%) via sodium-glucose transport proteins[4] (apical) andGLUT (basolateral).	-	-	-
Oligopeptides,proteins, andamino acids	All are reabsorbed nearly completely.[5]	reabsorption	-	-	-
Urea	Regulation of osmolality. Varies with ADH[6][7]	reabsorption (50%) via passive transport	secretion	-	reabsorption in medullary collecting ducts
Sodium	Uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels(minor)[8]	reabsorption (65%, isosmotic)	reabsorption (25%, thick ascending, Na-K-2Cl symporter)	reabsorption (5%,sodium-chloride symporter)	reabsorption (5%, principal cells), stimulated byaldosterone via ENaC
Chloride	Usually follows sodium. Active (transcellular) and passive (paracellular)[8]	reabsorption	reabsorption (thin ascending, thick ascending, Na-K-2Cl symporter)	reabsorption (sodium-chloride symporter)	-
Water	Uses aquaporin water channels. See also diuretic.	absorbed osmotically along with solutes	reabsorption (descending)	-	reabsorption (regulated by ADH, via arginine vasopressin receptor 2)
Bicarbonate	Helps maintain acid-base balance.[9]	reabsorption (80-90%) [10]	reabsorption (thick ascending)[11]	-	reabsorption (intercalated cells, via band 3 andpendrin)
Protons	Uses vacuolar H+ATPase	-	-	-	secretion (intercalated cells)
Potassium	Varies upon dietary needs.	reabsorption (65%)	reabsorption (20%, thick ascending, Na-K-2Cl symporter)	-	secretion (common, via Na+/K+-ATPase, increased by aldosterone), or reabsorption (rare, hydrogen potassium ATPase)
Calcium	Uses calcium ATPase, sodium-calcium exchanger	reabsorption	reabsorption (thick ascending) via passive transport	-	-
Magnesium	Calcium and magnesium compete, and an excess of one can lead to excretion of the other.	reabsorption	reabsorption (thick ascending)	reabsorption	-
Phosphate	Excreted as titratable acid.	reabsorption (85%) via sodium/phosphate cotransporter.[4] Inhibited by parathyroid hormone.	-	-	-
Carboxylate		reabsorption (100%[12]) via carboxylate transporters.	-	-	-

The body is very sensitive to its pH. Outside the range of pH that is compatible with life, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and the body is unable to sustain itself. The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma. Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced. Acids are divided into "volatile acids"^[13] and "nonvolatile acids".^[14] See also titratable acid.

The major homeostatic control point for maintaining this stable balance is renal excretion. The kidney is directed to excrete or retain sodium via the action of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin), atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP), and other hormones. Abnormal ranges of the fractional excretion of sodium can imply acute tubular necrosis or glomerular dysfunction.

[edit]Mechanisms

The kidney's ability to perform many of its functions depends on the three fundamental functions of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, whose sum is renal excretion. That is:

Urinary excretion rate = Filtration rate - Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate^[15]

[edit]Filtration

The blood is filtered by nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron begins in a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus enclosed in a Bowman's capsule. Cells, proteins, and other large molecules are filtered out of the glomerulus by a process of ultrafiltration, leaving an ultrafiltrate that resembles plasma (except that the ultrafiltrate has negligible plasma proteins) to enter Bowman's space. Filtration is driven by Starling forces.

The ultrafiltrate is passed through, in turn, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of collecting ducts to form urine.

[edit]Reabsorption

Tubular reabsorption is the process by which solutes and water are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood. It is called reabsorption (and not absorption) because these substances have already been absorbed once (particularly in the intestines).

Reabsorption is a two-step process beginning with the active or passive extraction of substances from the tubule fluid into the renal interstitium (the connective tissue that surrounds the nephrons), and then the transport of these substances from the interstitium into the bloodstream. These transport processes are driven by Starling forces, diffusion, and active transport.

[edit]Indirect reabsorption

In some cases, reabsorption is indirect. For example, bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) does not have a transporter, so its reabsorption involves a series of reactions in the tubule lumen and tubular epithelium. It begins with the active secretion of a hydrogen ion (H⁺) into the tubule fluid via a Na/H exchanger:

• In the lumen
  • The H⁺ combines with HCO₃^- to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃)
  • Luminal carbonic anhydrase enzymatically converts H₂CO₃ into H₂O and CO₂
  • CO₂ freely diffuses into the cell
• In the epithelial cell
  • Cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase converts the CO₂ and H₂O (which is abundant in the cell) into H₂CO₃
  • H₂CO₃ readily dissociates into H⁺ and HCO₃^-
  • HCO₃^- is facilitated out of the cell's basolateral membrane

[edit]Hormones

Some key regulatory hormones for reabsorption include:

• aldosterone, which stimulates active sodium reabsorption (and water as a result)
• antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates passive water reabsorption

Both hormones exert their effects principally on the collecting ducts.

[edit]Secretion

Tubular secretion is the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen. Tubular secretion is caused mainly by active transport.

Usually only a few substances are secreted. These substances are present in great excess, or are natural poisons.

Many drugs are eliminated by tubular secretion. Further reading: Table of medication secreted in kidney

[edit]Measurement of renal function

A simple means of estimating renal function is to measure pH, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and basic electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate). As the kidney is the most important organ in controlling these values, any derangement in these values could suggest renal impairment.

There are several more formal tests and ratios involved in estimating renal function:

Measurement	Calculation	Details
renal plasma flow	[16]	Volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidney per unit time. PAH clearance is a renal analysis method used to provide an estimate. Approximately 625 ml/min.
renal blood flow	(HCT is hematocrit)	Volume of blood delivered to the kidney per unit time. In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 20% of cardiac output, amounting to 1 L/min in a 70-kg adult male.
glomerular filtration rate	(estimation using creatinine clearance)	Volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. Estimated using inulin. Usually a creatinine clearance test is performed but other markers, such as the plant polysaccharide inulin or radiolabelled EDTA, may be used as well.
filtration fraction	[17]	Measures portion of renal plasma that is filtered.
anion gap	AG = [Na+] − ([Cl−] + [HCO3−])	Cations minus anions. Excludes K+ (usually), Ca2+, H2PO4−. Aids in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis
Clearance(other than water)	where U = concentration, V =urine volume / time, U*V = urinary excretion, and P = plasma concentration [18]	Rate of removal
free water clearance	or  [19]	The volume of blood plasma that is cleared of solute-free water per unit time.
Net acid excretion		Net amount of acid excreted in the urine per unit time

[hide] v   t   e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid-base physiology Filtration Renal blood flow · Ultrafiltration · Countercurrent exchange · Filtration fraction Hormones affecting filtration Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) · Aldosterone · Atrial natriuretic peptide Secretion/clearance Pharmacokinetics · Clearance of medications · Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag · Na+ · Cl- · urea · glucose · oligopeptides · protein Endocrine Renin · Erythropoietin (EPO) · Calcitriol (Active vitamin D) · Prostaglandins Assessing Renal function/ Measures of dialysis Glomerular filtration rate · Creatinine clearance · Renal clearance ratio · Urea reduction ratio · Kt/V · Standardized Kt/V · Hemodialysis product · PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow · Extraction ratio) Acid-base physiology Fluid balance · Darrow Yannet diagram Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol · Extracellular fluid · (Interstitial fluid · Plasma · Transcellular fluid) Base excess · Davenport diagram · Anion gap · Arterial blood gas · Winter's formula Buffering/compensation Bicarbonate buffering system · Respiratory compensation · Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion · BUN-to-creatinine ratio · Tubuloglomerular feedback · Natriuresis · Urine M: URI anat/phys/devp/cell noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte

[edit]References

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We are a fellowship social media group with experts in all related fields with similar interest in the unexplainable mysteries in life and consider ourselves ascension lightworkers, truthseekers, metaphysicians and futurists.

We welcome donations and support through our Ascension Centers around the world and plan on having a center in every Tectonic Economic geographic location for logistics with all our affiliates.

Our members include archaeologists, artisans, authors, chiropractors, co-creators, community support associations, copywriters, editors, educators, engineers, folklorists, health and wellness centers, historians, inventors, investors, musicians, mystics, physicians, physicists, producers, psychics, publishers, scientists, screenwriters, technologists, webmasters, writers,   

Call (270) 256-8230 for details.

Ascension Center Enlightenment Community Organization
ACIR and ACE
 Home Office: 
Founder is Ms. TJ Morris
TJ Morris tm ACIR sm 
260 Carolyn Lane
Beaver Dam, KY 42320


CONTACT INFORMATION:
TJMorrisPublishing@gmail.com
Personal Cell Phone: 270-256-8230
TJ Morris & Friends Only!

ALIEN ET UFO CHILDREN OF THE COSMOS

Ascension Age is now!

When we shall learn about our own existence on the Alien ET Highway of the Cosmos through Time Called the Ascension Age.

We are each a soul first as a creation. We are then given an essence which can become an actual separate entity that can detect separate awareness from the original source as the creator. TJ

 

We are they who are the children of our ancient ancestors who have always been. The ancestors y presently lives with the Co-creators in the cosmos as our elders. The original creators as the most ancient and first elders live outside of this omniverse in what is termed the Alphaverse and the Omegaverse.

The part of our existence that presently deals with our continued life force deals with the drama of our many varied roles that we play in what is called the game of life.

We are each a soul first as a creation. We are then given an essence which can become an actual separate entity that can detect separate awareness from the original source as the creator.

We learn that when we study philosophy of soul we learn about the emotions and feeling that share our senses. The stimuli we feel individually create waves of emotional responses and cause our brain to think with our motor development skills we develop over time in our own body-mind-spirit unit, or vessel.

We as creations that are now made up of the same elements we have learned that the entire universe is made up of have learned we are all basically elements of what in cosmology we call stardust. This is based on the chemical element table we use in science.

We come to earth to learn to experience and explore which creates more knowledge, understanding and wisdom that we can all use as individual Co-creators in the future in time as Time Lords. Time Lords are considered the elder spirits who learn to travel throughout the various times in space in the Astral Body.

Science is just now coming to the realization that we have an astral body that was first created as spirit which is the essence attached to our soul.

The Sustainability of our Essence that is the main part of the original creations of this omniverse are what we are now learning about while we are learning to take care of our place in time in space.

This is an ongoing process and the Ascension Age is about learning to expand our future sustainability.

Therefore the Ascension Center Enlightenment known as ACE is said to be the Golden Age of Cosmology of which we learn to expand our awakened awareness as higher consciousness of our individual body-mind-spirits having the birth-life-death experience inside the cosmos we presently are contained in we call the created Omniverse of our Ancient Ancestors who from the heaven came in what we call history of our ancient astronaut ancestors from the Alphaverse and Omegaverse that dwell outside this omniverse which is controlled from outside by those who are the Co-creators as Alpha Males and Omega Females from two opposite locations that maintain the balance between order and chaos.

Ascension Age Masters will learn to address all that this entails and will govern the cooperation as in the synergy in the Astral Plane we call the Akashic Field where we share the harmony of all that is.

YOU AND THE LAW OF THE ASCENSION AGE IS ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY OF HUMANOIDS AND THE PLANET IN THE COSMOS

Alien ET Experiences of the Soul will raise the maturity that we call the higher consciousness of individual units and the entire global brain. Each world in the creation has a main frame and a brain.

What makes humanoid sentient intelligent beings understand more about how they operate is how they physically and emotionally respond to the outside forces of chaos that we exist in in time and space with the law.

The Ascension Center is a concept, theory as well as physical locations in sacred spots around the globe. 

Ascension Center Enlightenment as ACE has been embraced by the Ascension Masters who are Avatars who have access to their prior experiences in past lives of their past body-mind-spirits that involved the emotional and psychological bodies. The Psyche deals with the stimulus actions and responses and how we learn to embrace life as a separate life-light body throughout time. The Avatars learn about becoming Lightworkers who assist others of their spiritual kind become better equipped to empower their emotions through their spiritual bodies which is their eternal essence that returns to their original creation that is called a soul.

There you’ll find anomalies, ancient ruins, artifacts, churches, temples, castles, pyramids, stone circles, and sacred cities.  These are all located on ley lines, grids, energy centers with readings off the charts.

These are portals between 3rd dimensional physicality and higher realms, vibratory frequencies and dimensions.  Some locations on the surface of the globe mark locations that reside deeper beneath the surface.

All connect this world with other worlds, the Universe and eternity. We are on a grid, the weave, and tantra.  That’s the meaning of the word tantra–weave.  And weave we do with all that there is, was and will be.

This is part of the Universal plan that we have been unaware of, but are now beginning to understand as information filters through our subconsciousness from our Guides to our human awareness in preparation for these times, the times of ascension.

The Gods knew what they were doing. 

These supreme beings were humanoid, like us, not really better than us spiritually.

 They were just long-lived, somewhat wiser than us, yet still full of fallacies. They did the best they could (some of them) while others succumbed to greed.

Like it or not, we are their children.

And like human children who struggle with their parents, we chose what characteristics to embrace and what to throw away.  The time has come for us all as a humanoid sentient intelligent species for us to grow up together. We are all the children of our ancestors of the cosmos.

 These beings, the gods, the angels who were of higher awareness and knowledge yet still locked within the confines of 3rd dimensional physicality, created us.  Love them unconditionally for we are they and they are we. We are all ONE.

Be like them or totally different. We are at choice. No victims. And since they were warlike, we can choose to be the total opposite of them.  That’s not our true nature. It’s theirs.

Some of the gods built upon these locations intuitively.  Others used science and technologies way beyond our means, even with today’s human science. Their descendants (we, us) followed in their footsteps, unknowing and sometimes unwilling. As they went covert, began to hide behind the scenes, the original intent and understanding why what was built where and for what purpose was lost.

But, even though the gods rule like puppet masters unseen from above, even though all seems horrible and many find themselves in deep despair, there is hope.  We’re guided by sources even higher than our gods/God/Yahweh by an even greater awareness–Universal Consciousness/God Source Itself.

Some are guided to live upon these sacred sites and once there, realize how magical it is.  They feel blessed that their higher guidance led them to such incredible bliss. On hallowed lands they feel connected, comforted, nurtured, supported as they live with energies that resonate with their souls.

The Ascension Center, Maui, is located on such a portal.  Those who reside here or visit are called by some invisible force.  Once here there’s an opening, lessons to be learned unfold. Emotions are intense. All emotions are felt and processed with the aids of guides. Some feel good, bad, ugly, and just right. Awareness evolves to understanding that all’s fine in the divine plan. We embrace it all.

The Center’s located on a vortex, an opening to these other realms.  Here many hundreds and possibly thousands over the past 35 years have come here to heal. Located in a tropical rainforest at the foothills of a giant, ancient mountain, waterfalls and streams cascade through the lands energizing and oxidizing the air.  Tropical breezes caress your body.  Intoxicating plant perfumes tickle your nose.

Just coming into the influence of the islands of Hawaii begins the process.  Landing in Maui accelerates it. Driving down our road opens chakras.  Being on the land, your kundalini starts to awaken, you begin to blossom.  Surrendering to the process of self-discovery and awareness opens up the petals of your crown chakra with an explosion of love and light.  You burst out of your cocoon, butterfly flies, Phoenix Rises, reborn to a new existence, conscious, aware, enlightened, evolved, remembering your higher purpose.

You realize your life goals and why you decided to come here to this planet in this time, a sacred, time, the end of the yugas.

 Its 2012, all portals open, time to begin the ascension of humanity to our next stage of spiritual evolution.  You’re front row center seat for the greatest show ever in the Universe since the Big Bang itself.  And you’re ready, because you’ve done your personal work and are ready to rise to the occasion, in service to the divine and in love with all life itself.

Ascension Age - World Tectonic Economics Sustainability

We with the Ascension Center Enlightenment Organization will be sharing in our plans for all those that desire to share in health and prosperity for all. We will suggest a better way of life for all of us to maintain a life that is awake and aware with a higher consciousness. We will share in our work to make the world a better place for all of us and our children and all our progeny.

Tectonic Economics is based on sustainability and we shall share in trade and commerce with enough for all based on the new structure for this planet for the Ascension Age of 2013 and Beyond.

We are now training the trainers to share our message  of Ascension Age Communication and Cosmology for the future beginning now in the present. We share whole life living of body-mind-spirit having the birth-life-death experience together as individual units sharing in synergy and cooperation.

Achieving sustainability will enable the earth to continue supporting human life as we know it.

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship, the responsible management of resource use. In ecology, sustainability describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time, a necessary precondition for the well-being of humans and other organisms. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems.

Healthy ecosystems and environments provide vital resources and processes (known as "ecosystem services"). There are two major ways of managing human impact on ecosystem services. One approach is environmental management; this approach is based largely on information gained from educated professionals in earth science, environmental science, and conservation biology. Another approach is management of consumption of resources, which is based largely on information gained from educated professionals in economics.

Human sustainability interfaces with economics through the voluntary trade consequences of economic activity. Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails, among other factors, international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from controlling living conditions (e.g., ecovillages, eco-municipalities and sustainable cities), to reappraising work practices (e.g., using permaculture, green building, sustainable agriculture), or developing new technologies that reduce the consumption of resources.

Definition

A diagram indicating the relationship between the three pillars of sustainability suggesting that both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits

 Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts. The word sustainability is derived from the Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sus, up). Dictionaries provide more than ten meanings for sustain, the main ones being to “maintain", "support", or "endure”.

 However, since the 1980s sustainability has been used more in the sense of human sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most widely quoted definition of sustainability and sustainable development, that of the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987: “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

 At the 2005 World Summit it was noted that this requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands - the "three pillars" of sustainability or (the 3 E's).

 This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses indicating that the three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing.

 The three pillars - or the "triple bottom line" - have served as a common ground for numerous sustainability standards and certification systems in recent years, in particular in the food industry.

 Standards which today explicitly refer to the triple bottom line include Rainforest Alliance, Fairtrade, UTZ Certified, and The Common Code for the Coffee Community.

 The triple bottom line is also recognized by the ISEAL Alliance - the global association for social and environmental standards.

The triple bottom line as defined by the UN is not universally accepted and has undergone various interpretations.

What sustainability is, what its goals should be, and how these goals are to be achieved are all open to interpretation.

 For many environmentalists, the idea of sustainable development is an oxymoron as development seems to entail environmental degradation.

 Ecological economist Herman Daly has asked, "what use is a sawmill without a forest?"

 From this perspective, the economy is a subsystem of human society, which is itself a subsystem of the biosphere and a gain in one sector is a loss from another.

 This can be illustrated as three concentric circles.

A universally accepted definition of sustainability remains elusive because it is expected to achieve many things. On the one hand it needs to be factual and scientific, a clear statement of a specific “destination”. The simple definition "sustainability is improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-systems", though vague, conveys the idea of sustainability having quantifiable limits. But sustainability is also a call to action, a task in progress or “journey” and therefore a political process, so some definitions set out common goals and values.

The Earth Charter speaks of “a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace.”

To add complication, the word sustainability is applied not only to human sustainability on Earth, but too many situations and contexts over many scales of space and time, from small local ones to the global balance of production and consumption. It can also refer to a future intention: "sustainable agriculture" is not necessarily a current situation but a goal for the future, a prediction.

 For all these reasons sustainability is perceived, at one extreme, as nothing more than a feel-good buzzword with little meaning or substance but, at the other, as an important but unfocused concept like "liberty" or "justice". It has also been described as a "dialogue of values that defies consensual definition".

Some researchers and institutions have pointed out that these three dimensions are not enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society and suggest that culture could be included in this development model.

History

Main article: History of sustainability

The history of sustainability traces human-dominated ecological systems from the earliest civilizations to the present. This history is characterized by the increased regional success of a particular society, followed by crises that were either resolved, producing sustainability, or not, leading to decline.

In early human history, the use of fire and desire for specific foods may have altered the natural composition of plant and animal communities.

 Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, Agrarian communities emerged which depended largely on their environment and the creation of a "structure of permanence."

The Western industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries tapped into the vast growth potential of the energy in fossil fuels. Coal was used to power ever more efficient engines and later to generate electricity. Modern sanitation systems and advances in medicine protected large populations from disease.

In the mid-20th century, a gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed. In the late 20th century, environmental problems became global in scale.

The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources.

In the 21st century, there is increasing global awareness of the threat posed by the human greenhouse effect, produced largely by forest clearing and the burning of fossil fuels.

Principles and concepts

The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.

SUSTAINABLE EARTH SCIENCE

 Sustainability science is not yet an autonomous field or discipline of its own, and has tended to be problem-driven and oriented towards guiding decision-making.

Scale and context

Sustainability is studied and managed over many scales (levels or frames of reference) of time and space and in many contexts of environmental, social and economic organization. The focus ranges from the total carrying capacity (sustainability) of planet Earth to the sustainability of economic sectors, ecosystems, countries, municipalities, neighborhoods, home gardens, individual lives, individual goods and services[clarification needed], occupations, lifestyles, behavior patterns and so on. In short, it can entail the full compass of biological and human activity or any part of it.

As Daniel Botkin, author and environmentalist, has stated: "We see a landscape that is always in flux, changing over many scales of time and space."

Consumption — population, technology, resources

A major driver of human impact on Earth systems is the destruction of biophysical resources, and especially, the Earth's ecosystems. The environmental impact of a community or of humankind as a whole depends both on population and impact per person, which in turn depends in complex ways on what resources are being used, whether or not those resources are renewable, and the scale of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems involved. Careful resource management can be applied at many scales, from economic sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and industry, to work organizations, the consumption patterns of households and individuals and to the resource demands of individual goods and services.

One of the initial attempts to express human impact mathematically was developed in the 1970s and is called the I PAT formula. This formulation attempts to explain human consumption in terms of three components: population numbers, levels of consumption (which it terms "affluence", although the usage is different), and impact per unit of resource use (which is termed "technology", because this impact depends on the technology used). The equation is expressed:

I = P × A × T

Where: I = Environmental impact, P = Population, A = Affluence, T = Technology

Measurement

Main article: Sustainability measurement

Sustainability measurement is a term that denotes the measurements used as the quantitative basis for the informed management of sustainability.

 The metrics used for the measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability of environmental, social and economic domains, both individually and in various combinations) are evolving: they include indicators, benchmarks, audits, sustainability standards and certification systems like Fairtrade and Organic, indexes and accounting, as well as assessment, appraisal and other reporting systems. They are applied over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Some of the best known and most widely used sustainability measures include corporate sustainability reporting.

Corporate sustainability, Triple Bottom Line accounting, World Sustainability Society and estimates of the quality of sustainability governance for individual countries use the Environmental Sustainability Index and Environmental Performance Index.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REPORTING INDEX

Human population control

Graph showing human population growth from 10,000 BC – AD 2000, illustrating current exponential growth

According to the 2008 Revision of the official United Nations population estimates and projections, the world population is projected to reach 7 billion early in 2012, up from the current 6.9 billion (May 2009), to exceed 9 billion people by 2050. Most of the increase will be in developing countries whose population is projected to rise from 5.6 billion in 2009 to 7.9 billion in 2050. This increase will be distributed among the population aged 15–59 (1.2 billion) and 60 or over (1.1 billion) because the number of children under age 15 in developing countries is predicted to decrease. In contrast, the population of the more developed regions is expected to undergo only slight increase from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion, and this would have declined to 1.15 billion but for a projected net migration from developing to developed countries, which is expected to average 2.4 million persons annually from 2009 to 2050.

 Long-term estimates of global population suggest a peak at around 2070 of nine to ten billion people, and then a slow decrease to 8.4 billion by 2100.

Emerging economies like those of China and India aspire to the living standards of the Western world as does the non-industrialized world in general.

 It is the combination of population increase in the developing world and unsustainable consumption levels in the developed world that poses a stark challenge to sustainability.

Carrying capacity

Further information: Carrying capacity

Ecological footprint for different nations compared to their Human Development Index (HDI)

At the global scale scientific data now indicates that humans are living beyond the carrying capacity of planet Earth and that this cannot continue indefinitely. This scientific evidence comes from many sources but is presented in detail in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the planetary boundaries framework.

 An early detailed examination of global limits was published in the 1972 book Limits to Growth, which has prompted follow-up commentary and analysis.

The Ecological footprint measures human consumption in terms of the biologically productive land needed to provide the resources, and absorb the wastes of the average global citizen. In 2008 it required 2.7 global hectares per person, 30% more than the natural biological capacity of 2.1 global hectares (assuming no provision for other organisms).

The resulting ecological deficit must be met from unsustainable extra sources and these are obtained in three ways: embedded in the goods and services of world trade; taken from the past (e.g. fossil fuels); or borrowed from the future as unsustainable resource usage (e.g. by over exploiting forests and fisheries).

The figure (right) examines sustainability at the scale of individual countries by contrasting their Ecological Footprint with their UN Human Development Index (a measure of standard of living). The graph shows what is necessary for countries to maintain an acceptable standard of living for their citizens while, at the same time, maintaining sustainable resource use. The general trend is for higher standards of living to become less sustainable. As always, population growth has a marked influence on levels of consumption and the efficiency of resource use.

The sustainability goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing the use of resources beyond globally sustainable levels; that is, to not exceed "one planet" consumption. Information generated by reports at the national, regional and city scales confirm the global trend towards societies that are becoming less sustainable over time.

Global human impact on biodiversity

Further information: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

At a fundamental level energy flow and biogeochemical cycling set an upper limit on the number and mass of organisms in any ecosystem.

 Human impacts on the Earth are demonstrated in a general way through detrimental changes in the global biogeochemical cycles of chemicals that are critical to life, most notably those of water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth’s ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers. It concludes that human activity is having a significant and escalating impact on the biodiversity of world ecosystems, reducing both their resilience and biocapacity. The report refers to natural systems as humanity's "life-support system", providing essential "ecosystem services". The assessment measures 24 ecosystem services concluding that only four have shown improvement over the last 50 years, 15 are in serious decline, and five are in a precarious condition.

Environmental dimension

Healthy ecosystems provide vital goods and services to humans and other organisms. There are two major ways of reducing negative human impact and enhancing ecosystem services and the first of these is environmental management. This direct approach is based largely on information gained from earth science, environmental science and conservation biology. However, this is management at the end of a long series of indirect causal factors that are initiated by human consumption, so a second approach is through demand management of human resource use.

Management of human consumption of resources is an indirect approach based largely on information gained from economics. Herman Daly has suggested three broad criteria for ecological sustainability: renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield (the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.

Environmental management

Main article: Sustainability and environmental management

At the global scale and in the broadest sense environmental management involves the oceans, freshwater systems, land and atmosphere, but following the sustainability principle of scale it can be equally applied to any ecosystem from a tropical rainforest to a home garden.

Atmosphere

At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with".

 Management of the global atmosphere now involves assessment of all aspects of the carbon cycle to identify opportunities to address human-induced climate change and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities (see Energy below).

Other human impacts on the atmosphere include the air pollution in cities, the pollutants including toxic chemicals like nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter that produce photochemical smog and acid rain, and the chlorofluorocarbons that degrade the ozone layer. Anthropogenic particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere reduce the direct irradiance and reflectance (albedo) of the Earth's surface. Known as global dimming, the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global water cycle by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a cooling effect and this may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming.

Freshwater and oceans

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in glaciers, lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. Due to the water cycle, fresh water supply is continually replenished by precipitation, however there is still a limited amount necessitating management of this resource. Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Increasing urbanization pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still does not have access to clean, safe water.

 Greater emphasis is now being placed on the improved management of blue (harvestable) and green (soil water available for plant use) water, and this applies at all scales of water management.

Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and weather and, in turn, the food supply of both humans and other organisms. Scientists have warned of the possibility, under the influence of climate change, of a sudden alteration in circulation patterns of ocean currents that could drastically alter the climate in some regions of the globe.

Ten per cent of the world's population – about 600 million people – lives in low-lying areas vulnerable to sea level rise.

Land use

A typical use is as a rice paddy. Rice, wheat, corn and potatoes make up more than half the world's food supply.

Loss of biodiversity stems largely from the habitat loss and fragmentation produced by the human appropriation of land for development, forestry and agriculture as natural capital is progressively converted to man-made capital. Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanization, agriculture, forest, woodland, grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and this can impact negatively on both natural and human systems.

 At the local human scale, major sustainability benefits accrue from sustainable parks and gardens and green cities.

Since the Neolithic Revolution about 47% of the world’s forests have been lost to human use. Present-day forests occupy about a quarter of the world’s ice-free land with about half of these occurring in the tropics.

 In temperate and boreal regions forest area is gradually increasing (with the exception of Siberia), but deforestation in the tropics is of major concern.

Food is essential to life. Feeding more than seven billion human bodies takes a heavy toll on the Earth’s resources. This begins with the appropriation of about 38% of the Earth’s land surface and about 20% of its net primary productivity.

 Added to this are the resource-hungry activities of industrial agribusiness – everything from the crop need for irrigation water, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to the resource costs of food packaging, transport (now a major part of global trade) and retail. Environmental problems associated with industrial agriculture and agribusinesses are now being addressed through such movements as sustainable agriculture, organic farming and more sustainable business practices.

Management of human consumption

Consumption Economics

Helix of sustainability – the carbon cycle of manufacturing

The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human consumption. [80] This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but by also making the full cycle of production, use and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the chain of consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy.

 Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. The ideas of embodied resource use (the total resources needed to produce a product or service), resource intensity, and resource productivity are important tools for understanding the impacts of consumption. Key resource categories relating to human needs are food, energy, materials and water.

In 2010, the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), published the first global scientific assessment on the impacts of consumption and production and identified priority actions for developed and developing countries. The study found that the most critical impacts are related to ecosystem health, human health and resource depletion. From a production perspective, it found that fossil-fuel combusting processes, agriculture and fisheries have the most important impacts. Meanwhile, from a final consumption perspective, it found that household consumption related to mobility, shelter, food and energy-using products cause the majority of life-cycle impacts of consumption.

Energy

Main articles: Sustainable energy, Renewable energy, and efficient energy use

Flow of CO2 in an ecosystem

The Sun's energy, stored by plants (primary producers) during photosynthesis, passes through the food chain to other organisms to ultimately power all living processes. Since the industrial revolution the concentrated energy of the Sun stored in fossilized plants as fossil fuels has been a major driver of technology which, in turn, has been the source of both economic and political power. In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use. Stabilizing the world’s climate will require high-income countries to reduce their emissions by 60–90% over 2006 levels by 2050 which should hold CO2 levels at 450–650 ppm from current levels of about 380 ppm. Above this level, temperatures could rise by more than 2°C to produce “catastrophic” climate change.

 Reduction of current CO2 levels must be achieved against a background of global population increase and developing countries aspiring to energy-intensive high consumption Western lifestyles.

Reducing greenhouse emissions, is being tackled at all scales, ranging from tracking the passage of carbon through the carbon cycle[86] to the commercialization of renewable energy, developing less carbon-hungry technology and transport systems and attempts by individuals to lead carbon neutral lifestyles by monitoring the fossil fuel use embodied in all the goods and services they use.

Water

Further information: Water resources

Water security and food security are inextricably linked. In the decade 1951–60 human water withdrawals were four times greater than the previous decade. This rapid increase resulted from scientific and technological developments impacting through the economy – especially the increase in irrigated land, growth in industrial and power sectors, and intensive dam construction on all continents. This altered the water cycle of rivers and lakes, affected their water quality and had a significant impact on the global water cycle.

 Currently towards 35% of human water use is unsustainable, drawing on diminishing aquifers and reducing the flows of major rivers: this percentage is likely to increase if climate change impacts become more severe, populations increase, aquifers become progressively depleted and supplies become polluted and unsanitary.

 From 1961 to 2001 water demand doubled - agricultural use increased by 75%, industrial use by more than 200%, and domestic use more than 400%.

 In the 1990s it was estimated that humans were using 40–50% of the globally available freshwater in the approximate proportion of 70% for agriculture, 22% for industry, and 8% for domestic purposes with total use progressively increasing.

Water efficiency is being improved on a global scale by increased demand management, improved infrastructure, improved water productivity of agriculture, minimizing the water intensity (embodied water) of goods and services, addressing shortages in the non-industrialized world, concentrating food production in areas of high productivity, and planning for climate change. At the local level, people are becoming more self-sufficient by harvesting rainwater and reducing use of mains water.

Food

Feijoada - A typical black bean food dish from Brazil

Further information: Food and Food security

The American Public Health Association (APHA) defines a "sustainable food system" as "one that provides healthy food to meet current food needs while maintaining healthy ecosystems that can also provide food for generations to come with minimal negative impact to the environment. A sustainable food system also encourages local production and distribution infrastructures and makes nutritious food available, accessible, and affordable to all. Further, it is humane and just, protecting farmers and other workers, consumers, and communities."

 Concerns about the environmental impacts of agribusiness and the stark contrast between the obesity problems of the Western world and the poverty and food insecurity of the developing world have generated a strong movement towards healthy, sustainable eating as a major component of overall ethical consumerism.

 The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.

The World Health Organization has published a Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health report which was endorsed by the May 2004 World Health Assembly. It recommends the Mediterranean diet which is associated with health and longevity and is low in meat, rich in fruits and vegetables, low in added sugar and limited salt, and low in saturated fatty acids; the traditional source of fat in the Mediterranean is olive oil, rich in monounsaturated fat. The healthy rice-based Japanese diet is also high in carbohydrates and low in fat. Both diets are low in meat and saturated fats and high in legumes and other vegetables; they are associated with a low incidence of ailments and low environmental impact.

At the global level the environmental impact of agribusiness is being addressed through sustainable agriculture and organic farming. At the local level there are various movements working towards local food production, more productive use of urban wastelands and domestic gardens including permaculture, urban horticulture, local food, slow food, sustainable gardening, and organic gardening.

Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the ecosystems from which it was acquired. The sustainable seafood movement has gained momentum as more people become aware about both overfishing and environmentally-destructive fishing methods.

Materials, toxic substances, waste

An electric wire reel reused as a center table in a Rio de Janeiro decoration fair. The reuse of materials is a sustainable practice that is rapidly growing among designers in Brazil.

As global population and affluence has increased, so has the use of various materials increased in volume, diversity and distance transported. Included here are raw materials, minerals, synthetic chemicals (including hazardous substances), manufactured products, food, living organisms and waste.

 By 2050, humanity could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year (three times its current amount) unless the economic growth rate is decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption. Developed countries' citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita (ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable.

Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of dematerialization, converting the linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a circular material flow that reuses materials as much as possible, much like the cycling and reuse of waste in nature.

 This approach is supported by product stewardship and the increasing use of material flow analysis at all levels, especially individual countries and the global economy.[106] The use of sustainable biomaterials that come from renewable sources and that can be recycled is preferred to the use on non-renewables from a life cycle standpoint.

The Waste Hierarchy

Synthetic chemical production has escalated following the stimulus it received during the Second World War Chemical production includes everything from herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers to domestic chemicals and hazardous substances.

 Apart from the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, chemicals of particular concern include: heavy metals, nuclear waste, chlorofluorocarbons, persistent organic pollutants and all harmful chemicals capable of bioaccumulation. Although most synthetic chemicals are harmless there needs to be rigorous testing of new chemicals, in all countries, for adverse environmental and health effects. International legislation has been established to deal with the global distribution and management of dangerous goods.

Every economic activity produces material that can be classified as waste. To reduce waste industry, business and government are now mimicking nature by turning the waste produced by industrial metabolism into resource. Dematerialization is being encouraged through the ideas of industrial ecology, ecodesign and ecolabelling. In addition to the well-established “reduce, reuse and recycle,” shoppers are using their purchasing power for ethical consumerism.

Economic Dimension

Further information: Ecological economics, Environmental economics, and Green economy

The Great Fish Market, painted by Jan Brueghel the Elder

On one account, sustainability "concerns the specification of a set of actions to be taken by present persons that will not diminish the prospects of future persons to enjoy levels of consumption, wealth, utility, or welfare comparable to those enjoyed by present persons."

 Sustainability interfaces with economics through the social and ecological consequences of economic activity.

 Sustainability economics represents: "... a broad interpretation of ecological economics where environmental and ecological variables and issues are basic but part of a multidimensional perspective. Social, cultural, health-related and monetary/financial aspects have to be integrated into the analysis."

 However, the concept of sustainability is much broader than the concepts of sustained yield of welfare, resources, or profit margins.

 At present, the average per capita consumption of people in the developing world is sustainable but population numbers are increasing and individuals are aspiring to high-consumption Western lifestyles. The developed world population is only increasing slightly but consumption levels are unsustainable. The challenge for sustainability is to curb and manage Western consumption while raising the standard of living of the developing world without increasing its resource use and environmental impact. This must be done by using strategies and technology that break the link between, on the one hand, economic growth and on the other, environmental damage and resource depletion.

A recent UNEP report proposes a green economy defined as one that “improves human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities”: it "does not favor one political perspective over another but works to minimize excessive depletion of natural capital". The report makes three key findings: “that greening not only generates increases in wealth, in particular a gain in ecological commons or natural capital, but also (over a period of six years) produces a higher rate of GDP growth”; that there is “an inextricable link between poverty eradication and better maintenance and conservation of the ecological commons, arising from the benefit flows from natural capital that are received directly by the poor”; "in the transition to a green economy, new jobs are created, which in time exceed the losses in “brown economy” jobs. However, there is a period of job losses in transition, which requires investment in re-skilling and re-educating the workforce”.

Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.

Decoupling environmental degradation and economic growth

Further information: Ecological economics

PREPARATION Part of a series on Environmental economics

Concepts

Policies

Dynamics

Carbon related

V t e

Historically there has been a close correlation between economic growth and environmental degradation: as communities grow, so the environment declines. This trend is clearly demonstrated on graphs of human population numbers, economic growth, and environmental indicators.

Unsustainable economic growth has been starkly compared to the malignant growth of a cancer because it eats away at the Earth's ecosystem services which are its life-support system. There is concern that, unless resource use is checked, modern global civilization will follow the path of ancient civilizations that collapsed through overexploitation of their resource base.

 While conventional economics is concerned largely with economic growth and the efficient allocation of resources, ecological economics has the explicit goal of sustainable scale (rather than continual growth), fair distribution and efficient allocation, in that order.

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development states that "business cannot succeed in societies that fail".

In economic and environmental fields, the term decoupling is becoming increasingly used in the context of economic production and environmental quality. When used in this way, it refers to the ability of an economy to grow without incurring corresponding increases in environmental pressure. Ecological economics includes the study of societal metabolism, the throughput of resources that enter and exit the economic system in relation to environmental quality.

An economy that is able to sustain GDP growth without having a negative impact on the environment is said to be decoupled. Exactly how, if, or to what extent this can be achieved is a subject of much debate. In 2011 the International Resource Panel, hosted by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), warned that by 2050 the human race could be devouring 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass per year – three times its current rate of consumption – unless nations can make serious attempts at decoupling.

 The report noted that citizens of developed countries consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per annum (ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries). By comparison, the average person in India today consumes four tons per year. Sustainability studies analyze ways to reduce resource intensity (the amount of resource (e.g. water, energy, or materials) needed for the production, consumption and disposal of a unit of good or service) whether this is achieved from improved economic management, product design, or new technology.

Nature as an Economic Externality

Deforestation of native rain forest in Rio de Janeiro City for extraction of clay for civil engineering photo taken in a 2009 picture is a good example of this.

Further information: Ecosystem services

The economic importance of nature is indicated by the use of the expression ecosystem services to highlight the market relevance of an increasingly scarce natural world that can no longer be regarded as both unlimited and free.

 In general, as a commodity or service becomes scarcer the price increases and this acts as a restraint that encourages frugality, technical innovation and alternative products. However, this only applies when the product or service falls within the market system.

 As ecosystem services are generally treated as economic externalities they are unpriced and therefore overused and degraded, a situation sometimes referred to as the Tragedy of the Commons.

One approach to this dilemma has been the attempt to "internalize" these "externalities" by using market strategies like ecotaxes and incentives, tradable permits for carbon, and the encouragement of payment for ecosystem services. Community currencies associated with Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS), a gift economy and Time Banking has also been promoted as a way of supporting local economies and the environment.

Green economics is another market-based attempt to address issues of equity and the environment. The global recession and a range of associated government policies are likely to bring the biggest annual fall in the world's carbon dioxide emissions in 40 years.

Economic opportunity

Treating the environment as an externality may generate short-term profit at the expense of sustainability.

Sustainable business practices, on the other hand, integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones (i.e., the triple bottom line).

Growth that depletes ecosystem services is sometimes termed "uneconomic growth" as it leads to a decline in quality of life.

Minimizing such growth can provide opportunities for local businesses. For example, industrial waste can be treated as an "economic resource in the wrong place". The benefits of waste reduction include savings from disposal costs, fewer environmental penalties, and reduced liability insurance. This may lead to increased market share due to an improved public image.

Energy efficiency can also increase profits by reducing costs.

The idea of sustainability as a business opportunity has led to the formation of organizations such as the Sustainability Consortium of the Society for Organizational Learning, the Sustainable Business Institute, and the World Council for Sustainable Development.

 Research focusing on progressive corporate leaders who have embedded sustainability into commercial strategy has yielded a leadership competency model for sustainability.

 The expansion of sustainable business opportunities can contribute to job creation through the introduction of green-collar workers.

Social dimension

Further information: Social sustainability

Sustainability issues are generally expressed in scientific and environmental terms, as well as in ethical terms of stewardship, but implementing change is a social challenge that entails, among other things, international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism.

 "The relationship between human rights and human development, corporate power and environmental justice, global poverty and citizen action, suggest that responsible global citizenship is an inescapable element of what may at first glance seem to be simply matters of personal consumer and moral choice."

Peace, Security, Social Justice

Further information: Peace and Social justice

Social disruptions like war, crime and corruption divert resources from areas of greatest human need, damage the capacity of societies to plan for the future, and generally threaten human well-being and the environment.

 Broad-based strategies for more sustainable social systems include: improved education and the political empowerment of women, especially in developing countries; greater regard for social justice, notably equity between rich and poor both within and between countries; and intergenerational equity.

 Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of “resource wars”.

 This aspect of sustainability has been referred to as environmental security and creates a clear need for global environmental agreements to manage resources such as aquifers and rivers which span political boundaries, and to protect shared global systems including oceans and the atmosphere.

Sustainability and Poverty

Further information: Poverty

A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty. It has been widely acknowledged that poverty is one source of environmental degradation. Such acknowledgment has been made by the Brundtland Commission report Our Common Future and the Millennium Development Goals.

 According to the Brundtland report, “poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems. It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality.” Individuals living in poverty tend to rely heavily on their local ecosystem as a source for basic needs (such as nutrition and medicine) and general well-being.

 As population growth continues to increase, increasing pressure is being placed on the local ecosystem to provide these basic essentials. According to the UN Population Fund, high fertility and poverty have been strongly correlated, and the world’s poorest countries also have the highest fertility and population growth rates.

The word sustainability is also used widely by western country development agencies and international charities to focus their poverty alleviation efforts in ways that can be sustained by the local populous and its environment. For example, teaching water treatment to the poor by boiling their water with charcoal would not generally be considered a sustainable strategy, whereas using PET solar water disinfection would be. Also, sustainable best practices can involve the recycling of materials, such as the use of recycled plastics for lumber where deforestation has devastated a countries timber base. Another example of sustainable practices in poverty alleviation is the use of exported recycled materials from developed to developing countries, such as Bridges to Prosperity's use of wire rope from shipping container gantry cranes to act as the structural wire rope for footbridges that cross rivers in poor rural areas in Asia and Africa.

Human Relationship to Nature

According to Murray Bookchin, the idea that humans must dominate nature is common in hierarchical societies. Bookchin contends that capitalism and market relationships, if unchecked, have the capacity to reduce the planet to a mere resource to be exploited. Nature is thus treated as a commodity: “The plundering of the human spirit by the market place is paralleled by the plundering of the earth by capital.”

Social ecology, founded by Bookchin, is based on the conviction that nearly all of humanity's present ecological problems originate in, indeed are mere symptoms of, dysfunctional social arrangements. Whereas most authors proceed as if our ecological problems can be fixed by implementing recommendations which stem from physical, biological, economic etc., studies, Bookchin's claim is that these problems can only be resolved by understanding the underlying social processes and intervening in those processes by applying the concepts and methods of the social sciences.

Deep ecology establishes principles for the well-being of all life on Earth and the richness and diversity of life forms. This requires a substantial decrease in human population and consumption along with the reduction of human interference with the nonhuman world. To achieve this, deep ecologists advocate policies for basic economic, technological, and ideological structures that will improve the quality of life rather than the standard of living. Those who subscribe to these principles are obliged to make the necessary change happen.

Human Settlements

Sustainability principles

1. Reduce dependence upon fossil fuels,

Underground metals and minerals

2. Reduce dependence upon synthetic chemicals

and other unnatural substances

3. Reduce encroachment upon nature

4. Meet human needs fairly & efficiently

One approach to sustainable living, exemplified by small-scale urban transition towns and rural ecovillages, seeks to create self-reliant communities based on principles of simple living, which maximise self-sufficiency particularly in food production. These principles, on a broader scale, underpin the concept of a bioregional economy.

 Other approaches, loosely based around new urbanism, are successfully reducing environmental impacts by altering the built environment to create and preserve sustainable cities which support sustainable transport. Residents in compact urban neighborhoods drive fewer miles, and have significantly lower environmental impacts across a range of measures, compared with those living in sprawling suburbs.

Large scale social movements can influence both community choices and the built environment. Eco-municipalities may be one such movement.

Eco-municipalities take a systems approach, based on sustainability principles. The eco-municipality movement is participatory, involving community members in a bottom-up approach. In Sweden, more than 70 cities and towns—25 per cent of all municipalities in the country—have adopted a common set of "Sustainability Principles" and implemented these systematically throughout their municipal operations. There are now twelve eco-municipalities in the United States and the American Planning Association has adopted sustainability objectives based on the same principles.

There is a wealth of advice available to individuals wishing to reduce their personal impact on the environment through small, inexpensive and easily achievable steps.

 But the transition required to reduce global human consumption to within sustainable limits involves much larger changes, at all levels and contexts of society.

 The United Nations has recognized the central role of education, and has declared a decade of education for sustainable development, 2005–2014, which aims to "challenge us all to adopt new behaviors and practices to secure our future".

 The Worldwide Fund for Nature proposes a strategy for sustainability that goes beyond education to tackle underlying individualistic and materialistic societal values head-on and strengthen people's connections with the natural world. Sustainable development

Solar power towers utilize the natural resource of the Sun, and are a renewable energy source. From left: PS10 and PS20 solar towers.

Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of economic growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come (sometimes taught as ELF-Environment, Local people, Future.

The term, 'sustainable development' was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

 Alternatively, sustainability educator Michael Thomas Needham referred to 'Sustainable Development' "as the ability to meet the needs of the present while contributing to the future generations’ needs."

 There is an additional focus on the present generation’s responsibility to improve the future generation’s life by restoring the previous ecosystem damage and resisting contributing to further ecosystem damage.

Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges faced by humanity. As early as the 1970s, "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems."

Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy" in order to address environmental concerns.

The concept of sustainable development is often broken out into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.

Definition of sustainable development

Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts. (2006)

In 1987, the United Nations released the Brundtland Report, which included what is now one of the most widely recognized definitions:

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." It contains within it two key concepts:

The concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

The United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document refers to the "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection.

 Based on the triple bottom line, numerous sustainability standards and certification systems have been established in recent years, in particular in the food industry.

 Well-known standards include organic, Rainforest Alliance, fair trade, UTZ Certified, Bird Friendly, and The Common Code for the Coffee Community.

Indigenous peoples have argued, through various international forums such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainable development, the fourth being cultural. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further elaborates the concept by stating that "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature”; it becomes “one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence". In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development.

A useful articulation of the values and principles of sustainability can be found in the Earth Charter. It offers an integrated vision and definition of strong sustainability. The document, an ethical framework for a sustainable world, was developed over several years after the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and launched officially in 2000. The Charter derives its legitimacy from the participatory process in which it was drafted, which included contributions from hundreds of organizations and thousands of individuals, and from its use since 2000 by thousands of organizations and individuals that have been using the Earth Charter as an educational instrument and a policy tool.

Economic Sustainability: Agenda 21 clearly identified information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. It emphasizes that in sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. It stresses the need to change from old sector-centered ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectorial co-ordination and the integration of environmental and social concerns into all development processes. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.

According to Hasna Vancock, sustainability is a process which tells of a development of all aspects of human life affecting sustenance. It means resolving the conflict between the various competing goals, and involves the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity famously known as three dimensions (triple bottom line) with the resultant vector being technology, hence it is a continually evolving process; the 'journey' (the process of achieving sustainability) is of course vitally important, but only as a means of getting to the destination (the desired future state). However, the 'destination' of sustainability is not a fixed place in the normal sense that we understand destination. Instead, it is a set of wishful characteristics of a future system.

The natural resource of wind powers these 5MW wind turbines on this wind farm 28 km off the coast of Belgium.

The concept has included notions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology.

Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that Green development prioritizes what its proponents consider to be environmental sustainability over economic and cultural considerations. Proponents of Sustainable Development argue that it provides a context in which to improve overall sustainability where cutting edge Green Development is unattainable. For example, a cutting edge treatment plant with extremely high maintenance costs may not be sustainable in regions of the world with fewer financial resources. An environmentally ideal plant that is shut down due to bankruptcy is obviously less sustainable than one that is maintainable by the community, even if it is somewhat less effective from an environmental standpoint. However, this view depends on whether one determines that it is the development (the plant) which needs to be sustainable, or whether it is the human-nature ecology (the environmental conditions) in which the plant exists which should be sustainable. It follows, then, that an operational but heavily polluting plant may be judged as actually 'less sustainable' than having no plant at all.

Some research activities start from this definition to argue that the environment is a combination of nature and culture. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a Diverse World", sponsored by the European Union, integrates multidisciplinary capacities and interprets cultural diversity as a key element of a new strategy for sustainable development.

In fact, some researchers and institutions have even pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the three dimensions of sustainable development, since these three dimensions do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement “Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development”, passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework of the World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders – 3rd World Congress of UCLG, held in Mexico City. This document inaugurates a new perspective and points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach: developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies.

Still other researchers view environmental and social challenges as opportunities for development action. This is particularly true in the concept of sustainable enterprise that frames these global needs as opportunities for private enterprise to provide innovative and entrepreneurial solutions. This view is now being taught at many business schools including the Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise at Cornell University and the Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise at the University of Michigan.

The United Nations Division for Sustainable Development lists the following areas as coming within the scope of sustainable development:

Sustainable development is an eclectic concept, as a wide array of views fall under its umbrella. The concept has included notions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology. Different conceptions also reveal a strong tension between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Many definitions and images (Visualizing Sustainability) of sustainable development coexist. Broadly defined, the sustainable development mantra enjoins current generations to take a systems approach to growth and development and to manage natural, produced, and social capital for the welfare of their own and future generations.

During the last ten years, different organizations have tried to measure and monitor the proximity to what they consider sustainability by implementing what has been called sustainability metrics and indices.

Sustainable development is said to set limits on the developing world. While current first world countries polluted significantly during their development, the same countries encourage third world countries to reduce pollution, which sometimes impedes growth. Some consider that the implementation of sustainable development would mean a reversion to pre-modern lifestyles.

Others have criticized the overuse of the term:

"The word sustainable has been used in too many situations today, and ecological sustainability is one of those terms that confuse a lot of people. You hear about sustainable development, sustainable growth, sustainable economies, sustainable societies, and sustainable agriculture. Everything is sustainable (Temple, 1992)."

History of the concept

The concept of sustainable development was originally synonymous with that of sustainability and is often still used in that way. Both terms derive from the older forestry term "sustained yield", which in turn is a translation of the German term "nachhaltiger Ertrag" dating from 1713.

 According to different sources, the concept of sustainability in the sense of a balance between resource consumption and reproduction was however applied to forestry already in the 12th to 16th century.

‘Sustainability’ is a semantic modification, extension and transfer of the term ‘sustained yield’. This had been the doctrine and, indeed, the ‘holy grail’ of foresters all over the world for more or less two centuries. The essence of ‘sustained yield forestry’ was described for example by William A. Duerr, a leading American expert on forestry: “To fulfill our obligations to our descendants and to stabilize our communities, each generation should sustain its resources at a high level and hand them along undiminished. The sustained yield of timber is an aspect of man’s most fundamental need: to sustain life itself.” A fine anticipation of the Brundtland-formula.

Not just the concept of sustainable development, but also its current interpretations have its roots in forest management. Strong sustainability stipulates living solely off the interest of natural capital, whereas adherents of weak sustainability are content to keep constant the sum of natural and human capital.

The history of the concept of sustainability is however much older. Already in 400 BCE, Aristotle referred to a similar Greek concept in talking about household economics. This Greek household concept differed from modern ones in that the household had to be self-sustaining at least to a certain extent and could not just be consumption oriented.

The first use of the term "sustainable" in the modern sense was by the Club of Rome in March 1972 in its epoch-making report on the ‘Limits to Growth", written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors used the word "sustainable": "We are searching for a model output that represents a world system that is: 1. sustainable without sudden and uncontrolled collapse; and 2. capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of its entire people."

Environmental sustainability

Water is an important natural resource that covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Image is the Earth photographed from Apollo 17.

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on ideal-seeking behavior.

An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity.

Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life.

Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.

The Venn diagram of sustainable development has many versions, but was first used by economist Edward Barbier (1987).

Consumption of renewable resources   State of environment    Sustainability

More than nature's ability to replenish  Environmental degradation         not sustainable

Equal to nature's ability to replenish        Environmental equilibrium          Steady state economy

Less than nature's ability to replenish     Environmental renewal                 Environmentally sustainable

Economic sustainability

However, Pearce, Barbier and Markandya (1989) criticized the Venn approach due to the intractability of operationalizing separate indices of economic, environmental, and social sustainability and somehow combining them. They also noted that the Venn approach was inconsistent with the Brundtland Commission Report, which emphasized the interlinkages between economic development, environmental degradation, and population pressure instead of three objectives. Economists have since focused on viewing the economy and the environment as a single interlinked system with a unified valuation methodology (Hamilton 1999, Dasgupta 2007).

 Intergenerational equity can be incorporated into this approach, as has become common in economic valuations of climate change economics (Heal, 2009).

Ruling out discrimination against future generations and allowing for the possibility of renewable alternatives to petro-chemicals and other non-renewable resources, efficient policies are compatible with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state (Ayong le Kama, 2001 and Endress et al.2005).

Thus the three pillars of sustainable development are interlinkages, intergenerational equity, and dynamic efficiency (Stavins, et al. 2003).

Arrow et al. (2004) and other economists (e.g. Asheim,1999[34] and Pezzey, 1989[35] and 1997) have advocated a form of the weak criterion for sustainable development – the requirement than the wealth of a society, including human-capital, knowledge-capital and natural-capital (as well as produced capital) not decline over time. Others, including Barbier 2007, continue to contend that strong sustainability – non-depletion of essential forms of natural capital – may be appropriate.

Three types of capital in sustainable development

Deforestation of native rain forest in Rio de Janeiro City for extraction of clay for civil engineering (2009 picture) is a good example.

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible.

Daly (1991), for example, points to the fact that natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest. In fact natural capital, social capital and economic capital are often complementarities. A further obstacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-functionality of many natural resources. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2.

Another problem of natural and social capital deterioration lies in their partial irreversibility. The loss in biodiversity, for example, is often definite. The same can be true for cultural diversity. For example with globalization advancing quickly the number of indigenous languages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the depletion of natural and social capital may have non-linear consequences. Consumption of natural and social capital may have no observable impact until a certain threshold is reached. A lake can, for example, absorb nutrients for a long time while actually increasing its productivity. However, once a certain level of algae is reached lack of oxygen causes the lake’s ecosystem to break down suddenly.

Market failure

Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

If the degradation of natural and social capital has such important consequence the question arises why action is not taken more systematically to alleviate it. Cohen and Winn (2007) point to four types of market failure as possible explanations: First, while the benefits of natural or social capital depletion can usually be privatized the costs are often externalized (i.e. they are borne not by the party responsible but by society in general). Second, natural capital is often undervalued by society since we are not fully aware of the real cost of the depletion of natural capital. Information asymmetry is a third reason—often the link between cause and effect is obscured, making it difficult for actors to make informed choices. Cohen and Winn close with the realization that contrary to economic theory many firms are not perfect optimizers. They postulate that firms often do not optimize resource allocation because they are caught in a "business as usual" mentality.

Business case for sustainable development

The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sustainability constitutes a firm’s efficient use of natural capital. This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the economic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregated ecological impact.

This idea has been popularized by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition: "Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s carrying capacity." (DeSimone and Popoff, 1997)

Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less explored is the second criterion for corporate sustainability. Socio-efficiency] describes the relation between a firm's value added and its social impact. Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate impacts on the environment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as the planting of trees) this is not true for social impacts. These can be either positive (e.g. corporate giving, creation of employment) or negative (e.g. work accidents, mobbing of employees, human rights abuses). Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries to minimize negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per value added) or maximise positive social impacts (i.e. donations per value added) in relation to the value added.

Both eco-efficiency and socio-efficiency are concerned primarily with increasing economic sustainability. In this process they instrumentalize both natural and social capital aiming to benefit from win-win situations. However, as Dyllick and Hockerts point out the business case alone will not be sufficient to realize sustainable development. They point towards eco-effectiveness, socio-effectiveness, sufficiency, and eco-equity as four criteria that need to be met if sustainable development is to be reached...

Sustainable agriculture

See also: Sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture may be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems. More specifically, it might be said to include preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources -- as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas. Furthermore, the concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally, relating to passing on a conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base instead of one which has been depleted or polluted.

Elements of sustainable agriculture

Agroforestry

Main article: Agroforestry

According to the World Agroforestry Centre, agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit. The integration can be either in a spatial mixture or in a temporal sequence. There are normally both ecological and economic interactions between woody and non-woody components in agroforestry.

Mixed Farming

Many farmers in tropical & temperate countries survive by managing a mix of different crops or animals. The best known form of mixing occurs probably where crop residues are used to feed the animals and the excreta from animals are used as nutrients for the crop. Other forms of mixing takes place where grazing under fruit trees keeps the grass short or where manure from pigs is used to feed the fish. Mixed farming exists in many forms depending on external and internal factors. External factors are: Weather Patterns, Market Prices, Political Stability and Technological Development. Internal factors relate to Local Soil Characteristics, Composition of family and Farmer’s Ingenuity. Mixed Farming provides farmers with a) an opportunity to diversify risk from single-crop production; (b) to use labor more efficiently; (c) to have a source of cash for purchasing farm inputs; (d) to add value to crop or crop by-product; (e) combining crops and livestock.

Multiple Cropping

Main article: Multiple cropping

The process of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land, during the same season is called Multiple Cropping. It can be rightly called a form of polyculture. It can be – (a) Double Cropping (the practice where the second crop is planted after the first has been harvested); (b) Relay Cropping (the practice where a second crop is started along with the first one, before it is harvested).

Crop Rotation

Main article: Crop rotation

The process of growing two or more dissimilar or unrelated crops in the same piece of land in different seasons is known as Crop Rotation. This process could be adopted as it comes with a series of benefits like – (a) avoid the buildup of pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped; (b) the traditional element of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops; (c) Crop rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants; (d) it is a component of polyculture.

Criticisms

Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon Rainforest are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wilderness areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.

The concept of "Sustainable Development" raises several critiques at different levels.

Consequences

The retreat of Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps (situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002) due to warming.

John Baden views the notion of sustainable development as dangerous because the consequences have unknown effects. He writes: "In economy like in ecology, the interdependence rule applies. Isolated actions are impossible. A policy which is not carefully enough thought will carry along various perverse and adverse effects for the ecology as much as for the economy. Many suggestions to save our environment and to promote a model of 'sustainable development' risk indeed leading to reverse effects."

Moreover, he evokes the bounds of public action which are underlined by the public choice theory: the quest by politicians of their own interests, lobby pressure, partial disclosure etc. He develops his critique by noting the vagueness of the expression, which can cover anything. It is a gateway to interventionist proceedings which can be against the principle of freedom and without proven efficacy. Against this notion, he is a proponent of private property to impel the producers and the consumers to save the natural resources. According to Baden, “the improvement of environment quality depends on the market economy and the existence of legitimate and protected property rights.” They enable the effective practice of personal responsibility and the development of mechanisms to protect the environment. The State can in this context “create conditions which encourage the people to save the environment.”

Vagueness of the term

A sewage treatment plant that uses environmentally friendly solar energy, located at Santuari de Lluc monastery.

Some criticize the term "sustainable development", stating that the term is too vague. For example, both Jean-Marc Jancovici and the philosopher Luc Ferry] express this view. The latter writes about sustainable development: "I know that this term is obligatory, but I find it also absurd, or rather so vague that it says nothing." Luc Ferry adds that the term is trivial by a proof of contradiction: "who would like to be a proponent of an “untenable development! Of course no one!

The term is more charming than meaningful. Everything must be done so that it does not turn into Russian-type administrative planning with ill effects." sustainable development has become obscured by conflicting world views, the expansionist and the ecological, and risks being co-opted by individuals and institutions that perpetuate many aspects of the expansionist model.

Basis

Sylvie Brunel, French geographer and specialist of the Third World, develops in A qui profite le développement durable (Who benefits from sustainable development?) (2008) a critique of the basis of sustainable development, with its binary vision of the world, can be compared to the Christian vision of Good and Evil, an idealized nature where the human being is an animal like the others or even an alien. Nature – as Rousseau thought – is better than the human being. It is a parasite, harmful for the nature. But the human is the one who protects the biodiversity, where normally only the strong survive.

Moreover, she thinks that the core ideas of sustainable development are a hidden form of protectionism by developed countries impeding the development of the other countries.

For Sylvie Brunel, sustainable development serves as a pretext for protectionism and "I have the feeling that sustainable development is perfectly helping out capitalism".

"De-growth"

The proponents of the de-growth reckon that the term of sustainable development is an oxymoron. According to them, on a planet where 20% of the population consumes 80% of the natural resources, a sustainable development cannot be possible for this 20%: "According to the origin of the concept of sustainable development, a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, the right term for the developed countries should be a sustainable de-growth".

For several decades, theorists of steady state economy and ecological economy have been positing that reduction in population growth or even negative population growth is required for the human community not to destroy its planetary support systems, i.e., to date, increases in efficiency of production and consumption have not been sufficient, when applied to existing trends in population and resource depletion and waste by-production, to allow for projections of future sustainability.

Measurability

In 2007 a report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency stated: “While much discussion and effort has gone into sustainability indicators, none of the resulting systems clearly tells us whether our society is sustainable. At best, they can tell us that we are heading in the wrong direction, or that our current activities are not sustainable. More often, they simply draw our attention to the existence of problems, doing little to tell us the origin of those problems and nothing to tell us how to solve them.”

 Nevertheless a majority of authors assume that a set of well-defined and harmonized indicators is the only way to make sustainability tangible. Those indicators are expected to be identified and adjusted through empirical observations (trial and error) See also ecological footprint.

The most common critiques are related to issues like data quality, comparability, objective function and the necessary resources.

However a more general criticism is coming from the project management community: How can a sustainable development are achieved at global level if we cannot monitor it in any single project?

The Cuban-born researcher and entrepreneur Sonia Bueno suggests an alternative approach that is based upon the integral, long-term cost-benefit relationship as a measure and monitoring tool for the sustainability of every project, activity or enterprise.

Furthermore this concept aims to be a practical guideline towards sustainable development following the principle of conservation and increment of value rather than restricting the consumption of resources.

Tectonics

This article is about the geologic usage.

 For the philosophical or architectural usage, see Architectonics.

World plate tectonics

 Tectonics (from the Vulgar Latin tectonicus, meaning "building") is a field of study within geology concerned generally with the structures within the lithosphere of the Earth (or other planets and moons) and particularly with the forces and movements that have operated in a region to create these structures.

Tectonics is concerned with the orogenies and tectonic development of cratons and tectonic terranes as well as the earthquake and volcanic belts which directly affect much of the global population. Tectonic studies are also important for understanding erosion patterns in geomorphology and as guides for the economic geologist searching for petroleum and metallic ores.

Extensional tectonics

Extensional tectonics is associated with the stretching and thinning of the crust or lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found at divergent plate boundaries, in continental rifts, during and after a period of continental collision caused by the lateral spreading of the thickened crust formed, at releasing bends in strike-slip faults, in back-arc basins and on the continental end of passive margin sequences where a detachment layer is present.

Thrust tectonics

Thrust tectonics is associated with the shortening and thickening of the crust or lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found at zones of continental collision, at restraining bends in strike-slip faults and at the oceanward part of passive margin sequences where a detachment layer is present.

Strike-slip tectonics

Strike-slip tectonics is associated with the relative lateral movement of parts of the crust or lithosphere. This type of tectonics is found along oceanic and continental transform faults, at lateral offsets in extensional and thrust fault systems, in the over-riding plate in zones of oblique collision and accommodating deformation in the foreland to a collisional belt.

Plate tectonics

In plate tectonics the outermost part of the earth, the crust and uppermost mantle, act as a single mechanical layer, the lithosphere. The lithosphere is divided into separate 'plates' that move relative to each other on the underlying, relatively weak asthenosphere in a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from the earth's interior. There are three main types of plate boundary: divergent where plates move apart from each other and new lithosphere is formed in the process of sea-floor spreading; transform where plates slide past each other and convergent where plates converge and lithosphere is 'consumed' by the process of subduction. Convergent and transform boundaries form the largest structural discontinuities in the lithosphere and are responsible for most of the world's major (Mw > 7) earthquakes. Convergent and divergent boundaries are also the site of most of the world's volcanoes, such as around the Pacific Ring of Fire. Most of the deformation in the lithosphere is related to the interaction between plates, either directly or indirectly.

Other fields of tectonic studies

Salt tectonics

Salt tectonics is concerned with the structural geometries and deformation processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of rock salt within a sequence of rocks. This is due both to the low density of salt, which does not increase with burial, and its low strength.

Neotectonics

Neotectonics is the study of the motions and deformations of the Earth's crust (geological and geomorphological processes) that are current or recent in geological time.

The term may also refer to the motions/deformations in question themselves. The corresponding time frame is referred to as the neotectonic period. Accordingly, the preceding time is referred to as palaeotectonic period.

Tectonophysics

Tectonophysics is the study of the physical processes associated with deformation of the crust and mantle from the scale of individual mineral grains up to that of tectonic plates.

Seismotectonics

Seismotectonics is the study of the relationship between earthquakes, active tectonics and individual faults in a region. It seeks to understand which faults are responsible for seismic activity in an area by analysing a combination of regional tectonics, recent instrumentally recorded events, accounts of historical earthquakes and geomorphological evidence. This information can then be used to quantify the seismic hazard of an area.

Planetary tectonics

Techniques used in the analysis of tectonics on earth have also been applied to the study of the planets and their moons.

See also

Geophysics

Seismology

Volcanology

UNESCO world heritage site Glarus Thrust

References

^ "Encyclopedia of Coastal Science" (2005), Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-1903-6, Chapter 1: "Tectonics and Neotectonics" doi:10.1007/1-4020-3880-1

Edward A. Keller (2001) Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape Prentice Hall; 2nd edition, ISBN 0-13-088230-5

Stanley A. Schumm, Jean F. Dumont and John M. Holbrook (2002) Active Tectonics and Alluvial Rivers, Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition, ISBN 0-521-89058-6

B.A. van der Pluijm and S. Marshak (2004). Earth Structure - An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics. 2nd edition. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 656. ISBN 0-393-92467-X.

Plate Tectonics Reference on Wikipedia

The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century.

Plate motion based on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite data from NASA JPL. The vectors show direction and magnitude of motion.

Remnants of the Farallon Plate, deep in Earth's mantle. It is thought that much of the plate initially went under North America (particularly the western United States and southwest Canada) at a very shallow angle, creating much of the mountainous terrain in the area (particularly the southern Rocky Mountains).

Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory builds on the concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century. It was accepted by the geoscientific community after the concepts of seafloor spreading were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.

Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) proposed gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.

Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Their movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust that result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, downward suction, at the subduction zones. A different explanation lies in different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and tidal forces of the Sun and the Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors is unclear, and is still subject to debate.

Key principles

The outer layers of the Earth are divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere. This is based on differences in mechanical properties and in the method for the transfer of heat. Mechanically, the lithosphere is cooler and more rigid, while the asthenosphere is hotter and flows more easily. In terms of heat transfer, the lithosphere loses heat by conduction whereas the asthenosphere also transfers heat by convection and has a nearly adiabatic temperature gradient. This division should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of these same layers into the mantle (comprising both the asthenosphere and the mantle portion of the lithosphere) and the crust: a given piece of mantle may be part of the lithosphere or the asthenosphere at different times, depending on its temperature and pressure.

The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which ride on the fluid-like (visco-elastic solid) asthenosphere. Plate motions range up to a typical 10–40 mm/a (Mid-Atlantic Ridge; about as fast as fingernails grow), to about 160 mm/a (Nazca Plate; about as fast as hair grows).

 The driving mechanism behind this movement is described separately below.

Tectonic lithosphere plates consist of lithospheric mantle overlain by either or both of two types of crustal material: oceanic crust (in older texts called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminum). Average oceanic lithosphere is typically 100 km thick; its thickness is a function of its age: as time passes, it conductively cools and becomes thicker. Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards, its thickness is therefore a function of its distance from the mid-ocean ridge where it was formed. For a typical distance oceanic lithosphere must travel before being subducted, the thickness varies from about 6 km thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than 100 km at subduction zones; for shorter or longer distances, the subduction zone (and therefore also the mean) thickness becomes smaller or larger, respectively.

Continental lithosphere is typically ~200 km thick, though this also varies considerably between basins, mountain ranges, and stable cratonic interiors of continents. The two types of crust also differ in thickness, with continental crust being considerably thicker than oceanic (35 km vs. 6 km).

The location where two plates meet is called a plate boundary, and plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, and oceanic trenches. The majority of the world's active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, with the Pacific Plate's Ring of Fire being most active and most widely known. These boundaries are discussed in further detail below. Some volcanoes occur in the interiors of plates, and these have been variously attributed to internal plate deformation and to mantle plumes.

As explained above, tectonic plates can include continental crust or oceanic crust, and many plates contain both. For example, the African Plate includes the continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The distinction between oceanic crust and continental crust is based on their modes of formation. Oceanic crust is formed at sea-floor spreading centers, and continental crust is formed through arc volcanism and accretion of terranes through tectonic processes; though some of these terranes may contain ophiolite sequences, which are pieces of oceanic crust, these are considered part of the continent when they exit the standard cycle of formation and spreading centers and subduction beneath continents. Oceanic crust is also denser than continental crust owing to their different compositions. Oceanic crust is denser because it has less silicon and heavier elements ("mafic") than continental crust ("felsic").

As a result of this density stratification, oceanic crust generally lies below sea level (for example most of the Pacific Plate), while the continental crust buoyantly projects above sea level (see the page isostasy for explanation of this principle).

Types of plate boundaries

Three types of plate boundary.

Main article: List of tectonic plate interactions

Basically, three types of plate boundaries exist, with a fourth, mixed type, characterized by the way the plates move relative to each other. They are associated with different types of surface phenomena. The different types of plate boundaries are:

Transform boundaries (Conservative) occur where plates slide or, perhaps more accurately, grind past each other along transform faults. The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral (left side toward the observer) or dextral (right side toward the observer). The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary exhibiting dextral motion.

Divergent boundaries (Constructive) occur where two plates slide apart from each other. Mid-ocean ridges (e.g., Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and active zones of rifting (such as Africa's East African Rift) are both examples of divergent boundaries.

Convergent boundaries (Destructive) (or active margins) occur where two plates slide towards each other commonly forming either a subduction zone (if one plate moves underneath the other) or a continental collision (if the two plates contain continental crust). Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones, and the basins that develop along the active boundary are often called "foreland basins". The subducting slab contains many hydrous minerals, which release their water on heating; this water then causes the mantle to melt, producing volcanism. Examples of this are the Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc.

Plate boundary zones occur where the effects of the interactions are unclear and the boundaries, usually occurring along a broad belt, are not well defined, and may show various types of movements in different episodes.

Driving forces of plate motion

Plate tectonics are basically a kinematic phenomenon: Earth scientists agree upon the observation and deduction that the plates have moved one with respect to the other, and debate and find agreements on how and when. But still a major question remains on what the motor behind this movement is; the geodynamic mechanism, and here science diverges in different theories.

Generally, it is accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere. Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the original source of energy driving plate tectonics, through convection or large scale upwelling and doming. As a consequence, in the current view, although it is still a matter of some debate, because of the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones a powerful source of plate motion is generated. When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere, but it becomes denser with age, as it conductively cools and thickens. The greater density of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones, providing most of the driving force for plate motions. The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone.

Although subduction is believed to be the strongest force driving plate motions, it cannot be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving, yet are nowhere being subducted. The same is true for the enormous Eurasian Plate. The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among earth scientists. One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movements itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movements, as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism.

Basically, the driving forces that are advocated at the moment, can be divided in three categories: mantle dynamics related, gravity related (mostly secondary forces), and Earth rotation related.

Driving forces related to mantle dynamics

Mantle convection

For a considerable period of around 25 years (last quarter of the twentieth century) the leading theory envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle which are transmitted through the asthenosphere as the main driving force of the tectonic plates. This theory was launched by Arthur Holmes and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory discussed since its occurrence in the papers of Alfred Wegener in the early years of the century. It was, though, long debated because the leading ("fixist") theory was still envisaging a static Earth without moving continents, up until the major break–throughs in the early sixties.

Two– and three–dimensional imaging of the Earth's interior (seismic tomography) shows that there is a laterally varying density distribution throughout the mantle. Such density variations can be material (from rock chemistry), mineral (from variations in mineral structures), or thermal (through thermal expansion and contraction from heat energy). The manifestation of this varying lateral density is mantle convection from buoyancy forces.

How mantle convection relates directly and indirectly to the motion of the plates is a matter of ongoing study and discussion in geodynamics. Somehow, this energy must be transferred to the lithosphere for tectonic plates to move. There are essentially two types of forces that are thought to influence plate motion: friction and gravity.

Basal drag (friction): The plate motion is in this way driven by friction between the convection currents in the asthenosphere and the more rigid overlying floating lithosphere.

Slab suction (gravity): Local convection currents exert a downward frictional pull on plates in subduction zones at ocean trenches. Slab suction may occur in a geodynamic setting wherein basal tractions continue to act on the plate as it dives into the mantle (although perhaps to a greater extent acting on both the under and upper side of the slab).

Lately, the convection theory is much debated as modern techniques based on 3D seismic tomography of imaging the internal structure of the Earth's mantle still fail to recognize these predicted large scale convection cells. Therefore, alternative views have been proposed:

In the theory of plume tectonics developed during the 1990s, a modified concept of mantle convection currents is used, related to super plumes rising from the deeper mantle which would be the drivers or the substitutes of the major convection cells. These ideas, which find their roots in the early 1930s with the so-called "fixistic" ideas of the European and Russian Earth Science Schools, find resonance in the modern theories which envisage hot spots/mantle plumes in the mantle which remain fixed and are overridden by oceanic and continental lithosphere plates during time, and leave their traces in the geological record (though these phenomena are not invoked as real driving mechanisms, but rather as a modulator). The modern theories that continue building on the older mantle doming concepts and see the movements of the plates a secondary phenomenon, are beyond the scope of this page and are discussed elsewhere for example on the plume tectonics page.

Another suggestion is that the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes, but rather as a series of channels just below the Earth's crust which then provide basal friction to the lithosphere. This theory is called "surge tectonics" and became quite popular in geophysics and geodynamics during the 1980s and 1990s.

Driving forces related to gravity

Gravity related forces are usually invoked as secondary phenomena within the framework of a more general driving mechanism such as the various forms of mantle dynamics described above.

Gravitational sliding away from a spreading ridge: According to many authors, plate motion is driven by the higher elevation of plates at ocean ridges.

As oceanic lithosphere is formed at spreading ridges from hot mantle material, it gradually cools and thickens with age (and thus distance from the ridge). Cool oceanic lithosphere is significantly denser than the hot mantle material from which it is derived and so with increasing thickness it gradually subsides into the mantle to compensate the greater load. The result is a slight lateral incline with distance from the ridge axis.

This force is regarded as a secondary force often referred to as "ridge push". This is a misnomer as nothing is "pushing" horizontally and tensional features are dominant along ridges. It is more accurate to refer to this mechanism as gravitational sliding as variable topography across the totality of the plate can vary considerably and the topography of spreading ridges is only the most prominent feature. Other mechanisms generating this gravitational secondary force include flexural bulging of the lithosphere before it dives underneath an adjacent plate, which produces a clear topographical feature that can offset or at least affect the influence of topographical ocean ridges, and mantle plumes and hot spots, which are postulated to impinge on the underside of tectonic plates.

Slab-pull: Current scientific opinion is that the asthenosphere is insufficiently competent or rigid to directly cause motion by friction along the base of the lithosphere. Slab pull is therefore most widely thought to be the greatest force acting on the plates. In this current understanding, plate motion is mostly driven by the weight of cold, dense plates sinking into the mantle at trenches.

Recent models indicate that trench suction plays an important role as well. However, as the North American Plate is nowhere being subducted, yet it is in motion presents a problem. The same holds for the African, Eurasian, and Antarctic plates.

Gravitational sliding away from mantle doming: According to older theories one of the driving mechanisms of the plates is the existence of large scale asthenosphere/mantle domes, which cause the gravitational sliding of lithosphere plates away from them. This gravitational sliding represents a secondary phenomenon of this, basically vertically oriented mechanism. This can act on various scales, from the small scale of one island arc up to the larger scale of an entire ocean basin.

Driving forces related to Earth rotation

Alfred Wegener, being a meteorologist, had proposed tidal forces and pole flight force as main driving mechanisms for continental drift. However, these forces were considered far too small to cause continental motion as the concept then was of continents plowing through oceanic crust.

 Therefore, Wegener converted to convection currents as the main driving force in the last edition of his book in 1929.

In the plate tectonics context (accepted since the seafloor spreading proposals of Heezen, Hess, Dietz, Morley, Vine and Matthews (see below) during the early 1960s) though, oceanic crust is in motion with the continents which caused the proposals related to Earth rotation to be reconsidered. In more recent literature, these driving forces are:

Tidal drag due to the gravitational force the Moon (and the Sun) exerts on the crust of the Earth

Shear strain of the Earth globe due to N-S compression related to the rotation and modulations of it;

Pole flight force: equatorial drift due to rotation and centrifugal effects: tendency of the plates to move from the poles to the equator ("Polflucht");

Coriolis affect acting on plates when they move around the globe;

Global deformation of the geoid due to small displacements of rotational pole with respect to the Earth crust;

Other smaller deformation effects of the crust due to wobbles and spin movements of the Earth rotation on a smaller time scale.

For these mechanisms to be overall valid, systematic relationships should exist all over the globe between the orientation and kinematics of deformation, and the geographical latitudinal and longitudinal grid of the Earth itself. Ironically, these systematic relations studies in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century do underline exactly the opposite: that the plates had not moved in time, that the deformation grid was fixed with respect to the Earth equator and axis, and that gravitational driving forces were generally acting vertically and caused only locally horizontal movements (the so-called pre-plate tectonic, "fixist theories"). Later studies (discussed below on this page) therefore invoked many of the relationships recognized during this pre-plate tectonics period, to support their theories (see the anticipations and reviews in the work of van Dijk and collaborators.

Of the many forces discussed in this paragraph, tidal force is still highly debated and defended as a possible principle driving force, whereas the other forces are used or in global geodynamic models not using the plate tectonics concepts (therefore beyond the discussions treated in this section), or proposed as minor modulations within the overall plate tectonics model.

In 1973 George W. Moore[22] of the USGS and R. C. Bostrom presented evidence for a general westward drift of the Earth's lithosphere with respect to the mantle, and, therefore, tidal forces or tidal lag or "friction" due to the Earth's rotation and the forces acting upon it by the Moon being a driving force for plate tectonics: as the Earth spins eastward beneath the moon, the moon's gravity ever so slightly pulls the Earth's surface layer back westward, just like proposed by Alfred Wegener (see above). In a more recent 2006 study, scientists reviewed and advocated these earlier proposed ideas. It has also been suggested recently in Lovett (2006) that this observation may also explain why Venus and Mars have no plate tectonics, since Venus has no moon and Mars' moons are too small to have significant tidal effects on Mars. In a recent paper it was suggested that, on the other hand, it can easily be observed that many plates are moving north and eastward, and that the dominantly westward motion of the Pacific Ocean basins derives simply from the eastward bias of the Pacific spreading center (which is not a predicted manifestation of such lunar forces). In the same paper the authors admit, however, that relative to the lower mantle, there is a slight westward component in the motions of all the plates. They demonstrated though that the westward drift, seen only for the past 30 Ma, is attributed to the increased dominance of the steadily growing and accelerating Pacific plate. The debate is still open.

Relative significance of each driving force mechanism

The actual vector of a plate's motion must necessarily be a function of all the forces acting upon the plate. However, therein remains the problem regarding what degree each process contributes to the motion of each tectonic plate.

The diversity of geodynamic settings and properties of each plate must clearly result in differences in the degree to which such processes are actively driving the plates. One method of dealing with this problem is to consider the relative rate at which each plate is moving and to consider the available evidence of each driving force upon the plate as far as possible.

One of the most significant correlations found is that lithospheric plates attached to down going (subducting) plates move much faster than plates not attached to subducting plates. The Pacific plate, for instance, is essentially surrounded by zones of subduction (the so-called Ring of Fire) and moves much faster than the plates of the Atlantic basin, which are attached (perhaps one could say 'welded') to adjacent continents instead of subducting plates. It is thus thought that forces associated with the down going plate (slab pull and slab suction) are the driving forces which determine the motion of plates, except for those plates which are not being subducted.

 The driving forces of plate motion continue to be active subjects of on-going research within geophysics and Tectonophysics.

Development of the theory

Timeline of the development of Tectonophysics

Plate tectonics is the main current theory in Earth Sciences regarding the development of our planet Earth. It is, therefore, appropriate to dedicate some space to explain how the Earth Science community, step by step, has built this theory, from early speculations, through the gathering of proof and severe debates, up to the refinement and quantification, and still ongoing confrontations with alternative ideas.

Summary

Detailed map showing the tectonic plates with their movement vectors.

In line with other previous and contemporaneous proposals, in 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener amply described what he called continental drift, expanded in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans and the scientific debate started that would end up fifty years later in the theory of plate tectonics.

Starting from the idea (also expressed by his forerunners) that the present continents once formed a single land mass (which was called Pangea later on) that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's mantle and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.

Supporting evidence for the idea came from the dove-tailing outlines of South America's east coast and Africa's west coast, and from the matching of the rock formations along these edges. Confirmation of their previous contiguous nature also came from the fossil plants Glossopteris and Gangamopteris, and the therapsid or mammal-like reptile Lystrosaurus, all widely distributed over South America, Africa, Antarctica, India and Australia. The evidence for such an erstwhile joining of these continents was patent to field geologists working in the southern hemisphere. The South African Alex du Toit put together a mass of such information in his 1937 publication Our Wandering Continents, and went further than Wegener in recognizing the strong links between the Gondwana fragments.

But without detailed evidence and a force sufficient to drive the movement, the theory was not generally accepted: the Earth might have a solid crust and mantle and a liquid core, but there seemed to be no way that portions of the crust could move around. Distinguished scientists, such as Harold Jeffreys and Charles Schuchert, were outspoken critics of continental drift.

Despite much opposition, the view of continental drift gained support and a lively debate started between "drifters" or "mobilists" (proponents of the theory) and "fixists" (opponents). During the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, the former reached important milestones proposing that convection currents might have driven the plate movements, and that spreading may have occurred below the sea within the oceanic crust. Concepts close to the elements now incorporated in plate tectonics were proposed by geophysicists and geologists (both fixists and mobilists) like Vening-Meinesz, Holmes, and Umbgrove.

One of the first pieces of geophysical evidence that was used to support the movement of lithospheric plates came from paleomagnetism. This is based on the fact that rocks of different ages show a variable magnetic field direction, evidenced by studies since the mid–nineteenth century. The magnetic north and south poles reverse through time, and, especially important in paleotectonic studies, the relative position of the magnetic north pole varies through time. Initially, during the first half of the twentieth century, the latter phenomenon was explained by introducing what was called "polar wander" (see apparent polar wander), i.e., it was assumed that the North Pole location had been shifting through time. An alternative explanation, though, was that the continents had moved (shifted and rotated) relative to the North Pole, and each continent, in fact, shows its own "polar wander path". During the late 1950s it was successfully shown on two occasions that these data could show the validity of continental drift: by Keith Runcorn in a paper in 1956, and by Warren Carey in a symposium held in March 1956.

The second piece of evidence in support of continental drift came during the late 1950s and early 60s from data on the bathymetry of the deep ocean floors and the nature of the oceanic crust such as magnetic properties and, more generally, with the development of marine geology which gave evidence for the association of seafloor spreading along the mid-oceanic ridges and magnetic field reversals, published between 1959 and 1963 by Heezen, Dietz, Hess, Mason, Vine & Matthews, and Morley.

Simultaneous advances in early seismic imaging techniques in and around Wadati-Benioff zones along the trenches bounding many continental margins, together with many other geophysical (e.g. gravimetric) and geological observations, showed how the oceanic crust could disappear into the mantle, providing the mechanism to balance the extension of the ocean basins with shortening along its margins.

All this evidence, both from the ocean floor and from the continental margins, made it clear around 1965 that continental drift was feasible and the theory of plate tectonics, which was defined in a series of papers between 1965 and 1967, was born, with all its extraordinary explanatory and predictive power. The theory revolutionized the Earth sciences, explaining a diverse range of geological phenomena and their implications in other studies such as paleogeography and paleobiology.

Continental drift

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, geologists assumed that the Earth's major features were fixed, and that most geologic features such as basin development and mountain ranges could be explained by vertical crustal movement, described in what is called the geosynclinal theory. Generally, this was placed in the context of a contracting planet Earth due to heat loss in the course of a relatively short geological time.

It was observed as early as 1596 that the opposite coasts of the Atlantic Ocean—or, more precisely, the edges of the continental shelves—have similar shapes and seem to have once fitted together.

Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity, but the assumption of a solid Earth made these various proposals difficult to accept.

The discovery of radioactivity and its associated heating properties in 1895 prompted a re-examination of the apparent age of the Earth. Since this had previously been estimated by its cooling rate and assumption the Earth's surface radiated like a black body.

Those calculations had implied that, even if it started at red heat, the Earth would have dropped to its present temperature in a few tens of millions of years. Armed with the knowledge of a new heat source, scientists realized that the Earth would be much older, and that its core was still sufficiently hot to be liquid.

By 1915, after having published a first article in 1912, Alfred Wegener was making serious arguments for the idea of continental drift in the first edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans.

In that book (re-issued in four successive editions up to the final one in 1936), he noted how the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa looked as if they were once attached. Wegener was not the first to note this (Abraham Ortelius, Snider-Pellegrini, Roberto Mantovani and Frank Bursley Taylor preceded him just to mention a few), but he was the first to marshal significant fossil and paleo-topographical and climatological evidence to support this simple observation (and was supported in this by researchers such as Alex du Toit). Furthermore, when the rock strata of the margins of separate continents are very similar it suggests that these rocks were formed in the same way, implying that they were joined initially. For instance, parts of Scotland and Ireland contain rocks very similar to those found in Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Furthermore, the Caledonian Mountains of Europe and parts of the Appalachian Mountains of North America are very similar in structure and lithology.

However, his ideas were not taken seriously by many geologists, who pointed out that there was no apparent mechanism for continental drift. Specifically, they did not see how continental rock could plow through the much denser rock that makes up oceanic crust. Wegener could not explain the force that drove continental drift, and his vindication did not come until after his death in 1930.

Floating continents, paleomagnetism, and seismicity zones

As it was observed early that although granite existed on continents, seafloor seemed to be composed of denser basalt, the prevailing concept during the first half of the twentieth century was that there were two types of crust, named "sial" (continental type crust), and "sima" (oceanic type crust). Furthermore, it was supposed that a static shell of strata was present under the continents. It therefore looked apparent that a layer of basalt (sial) underlies the continental rocks.

However, based upon abnormalities in plumb line deflection by the Andes in Peru, Pierre Bouguer had deduced that less-dense mountains must have a downward projection into the denser layer underneath. The concept that mountains had "roots" was confirmed by George B. Airy a hundred years later during study of Himalayan gravitation, and seismic studies detected corresponding density variations. Therefore, by the mid–1950s the question remained unresolved of whether mountain roots were clenched in surrounding basalt or were floating upon it like an iceberg.

During the 20th century, improvements in and greater use of seismic instruments such as seismographs enabled scientists to learn that earthquakes tend to be concentrated in specific areas, most notably along the oceanic trenches and spreading ridges. By the late 1920s, seismologists were beginning to identify several prominent earthquake zones parallel to the trenches that typically were inclined 40–60° from the horizontal and extended several hundred kilometers into the Earth. These zones later became known as Wadati-Benioff zones, or simply Benioff zones, in honor of the seismologists who first recognized them, Kiyoo Wadati of Japan and Hugo Benioff of the United States. The study of global seismicity greatly advanced in the 1960s with the establishment of the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN) to monitor the compliance of the 1963 treaty banning above-ground testing of nuclear weapons. The much improved data from the WWSSN instruments allowed seismologists to map precisely the zones of earthquake concentration worldwide.

Meanwhile, debates developed around the phenomena of polar wander. Since the early debates of continental drift, scientists had discussed and used evidence that polar drift had occurred because continents seemed to have moved through different climatic zones during the past. Furthermore, paleomagnetic data had shown that the magnetic pole had also shifted during time. Reasoning in an opposite way, the continents might have shifted and rotated, while the pole remained relatively fixed. The first time the evidence of magnetic polar wander was used to support the movements of continents was in a paper by Keith Runcorn in 1956, and successive papers by him and his students Ted Irving (who was actually the first to be convinced of the fact that paleomagnetism supported continental drift) and Ken Creer.

This was immediately followed by a symposium in Tasmania in March 1956.

In this symposium, the evidence was used in the theory of an expansion of the global crust. In this hypothesis the shifting of the continents can be simply explained by a large increase in size of the Earth since its formation. However, this was unsatisfactory because its supporters could offer no convincing mechanism to produce a significant expansion of the Earth. Certainly there is no evidence that the moon has expanded in the past 3 billion years; other work would soon show that the evidence was equally in support of continental drift on a globe with a stable radius.

During the thirties up to the late fifties, works by Vening-Meinesz, Holmes, Umbgrove, and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory. In particular, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea, and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force.

Often, these contributions are forgotten because:

At the time, continental drift was not accepted.

Some of these ideas were discussed in the context of abandoned fixistic ideas of a deforming globe without continental drift or an expanding Earth.

They were published during an episode of extreme political and economic instability that hampered scientific communication.

Many were published by European scientists and at first not mentioned or given little credit in the papers on sea floor spreading published by the American researchers in the 1960s.

Mid-oceanic ridge spreading and convection

For more details on Mid-ocean ridge, see Seafloor spreading.

In 1947, a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing utilizing the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s research vessel Atlantis and an array of instruments, confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean, and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the layer of sediments consisted of basalt, not the granite which is the main constituent of continents. They also found that the oceanic crust was much thinner than continental crust. All these new findings raised important and intriguing questions.

The new data that had been collected on the ocean basins also showed particular characteristics regarding the bathymetry. One of the major outcomes of these datasets was that all along the globe, a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected. An important conclusion was that along this system, new ocean floor was being created, which led to the concept of the "Great Global Rift". This was described in the crucial paper of Bruce Heezen (1960) which would trigger a real revolution in thinking. A profound consequence of seafloor spreading is that new crust was, and is now, being continually created along the oceanic ridges. Therefore, Heezen advocated the so-called "expanding Earth" hypothesis of S. Warren Carey (see above). So, still the question remained: how can new crust be continuously added along the oceanic ridges without increasing the size of the Earth? In reality, this question had been solved already by numerous scientists during the forties and the fifties, like Arthur Holmes, Vening-Meinesz, Coates and many others: The crust in excess disappeared along what were called the oceanic trenches where so-called "subduction" occurred. Therefore, when various scientists during the early sixties started to reason on the data at their disposal regarding the ocean floor, the pieces of the theory fell quickly into place.

The question particularly intrigued Harry Hammond Hess, a Princeton University geologist and a Naval Reserve Rear Admiral, and Robert S. Dietz, a scientist with the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey who first coined the term seafloor spreading. Dietz and Hess (the former published the same idea one year earlier in Nature, but priority belongs to Hess who had already distributed an unpublished manuscript of his 1962 article by 1960) were among the small handful who really understood the broad implications of sea floor spreading and how it would eventually agree with the, at that time, unconventional and unaccepted ideas of continental drift and the elegant and mobilistic models proposed by previous workers like Holmes.

In the same year, Robert R. Coats of the U.S. Geological Survey described the main features of island arc subduction in the Aleutian Islands. His paper, though little–noted (and even ridiculed) at the time, has since been called "seminal" and "prescient". In reality, it actually shows that the work by the European scientists on island arcs and mountain belts performed and published during the 1930s up until the 1950s was applied and appreciated also in the United States.

If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, Hess and Dietz reasoned like Holmes and others before them, it must be shrinking elsewhere. Hess followed Heezen suggesting that new oceanic crust continuously spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt–like motion. And, using the mobilistic concepts developed before, he correctly concluded that many millions of years later, the oceanic crust eventually descends along the continental margins where oceanic trenches – very deep, narrow canyons – are formed, e.g. along the rim of the Pacific Ocean basin.

The important step Hess made was that convection currents would be the driving force in this process, arriving at the same conclusions as Holmes had decades before with the only difference that the thinning of the ocean crust was performed using the mechanism of Heezen of spreading along the ridges. Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. As old oceanic crust is "consumed" in the trenches, (like Holmes and others, he believed this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere, not, as nowadays believed, by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle) new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust. In effect, the ocean basins are perpetually being "recycled," with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously, in a way that later would be called the Wilson cycle (see below). Thus, the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading, why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks.

Magnetic striping

For more details on this topic, see Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis.

Seafloor magnetic striping.

A demonstration of magnetic striping. (The darker the color is the closer it is to normal polarity)

Beginning in the 1950s, scientists like Victor Vacquier, using magnetic instruments (magnetometers) adapted from airborne devices developed during World War II to detect submarines, began recognizing odd magnetic variations across the ocean floor. This finding, though unexpected, was not entirely surprising because it was known that basalt—the iron-rich, volcanic rock making up the ocean floor—contains a strongly magnetic mineral (magnetite) and can locally distort compass readings. This distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century. More important, because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties, these newly discovered magnetic variations provided another means to study the deep ocean floor. When newly formed rock cools, such magnetic materials recorded the Earth's magnetic field at the time.

As more and more of the seafloor were mapped during the 1950s, the magnetic variations turned out not to be random or isolated occurrences, but instead revealed recognizable patterns. When these magnetic patterns were mapped over a wide region, the ocean floor showed a zebra-like pattern: one stripe with normal polarity and the adjoining stripe with reversed polarity. The overall pattern, defined by these alternating bands of normally and reversely polarized rock, became known as magnetic striping, and was published by Ron G. Mason and co-workers in 1961, who did not find, though, an explanation for these data in terms of sea floor spreading, like Vine, Matthews and Morley a few years later.

The discovery of magnetic striping called for an explanation. In the early 1960s scientists such as Heezen, Hess and Dietz had begun to theorize that mid-ocean ridges mark structurally weak zones where the ocean floor was being ripped in two lengthwise along the ridge crest (see the previous paragraph). New magma from deep within the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust. This process, at first denominated the "conveyer belt hypothesis" and later called seafloor spreading, operating over many millions of years continues to form new ocean floor all across the 50,000 km-long system of mid–ocean ridges.

Only four years after the maps with the "zebra pattern" of magnetic stripes were published, the link between sea floor spreading and these patterns was correctly placed, independently by Lawrence Morley, and by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews, in 1963 now called the Vine-Matthews-Morley hypothesis. This hypothesis linked these patterns to geomagnetic reversals and was supported by several lines of evidence:

The stripes are symmetrical around the crests of the mid-ocean ridges; at or near the crest of the ridge, the rocks are very young, and they become progressively older away from the ridge crest;

The youngest rocks at the ridge crest always have present-day (normal) polarity;

Stripes of rock parallel to the ridge crest alternate in magnetic polarity (normal-reversed-normal, etc.), suggesting that they were formed during different epochs documenting the (already known from independent studies) normal and reversal episodes of the Earth's magnetic field.

By explaining both the zebra-like magnetic striping and the construction of the mid-ocean ridge system, the seafloor spreading hypothesis (SFS) quickly gained converts and represented another major advance in the development of the plate-tectonics theory. Furthermore, the oceanic crust now came to be appreciated as a natural "tape recording" of the history of the geomagnetic field reversals (GMFR) of the Earth's magnetic field. Nowadays, extensive studies are dedicated to the calibration of the normal-reversal patterns in the oceanic crust on one hand and known timescales derived from the dating of basalt layers in sedimentary sequences (magnetostratigraphy) on the other, to arrive at estimates of past spreading rates and plate reconstructions.

Definition and refining of the theory

After all these considerations, Plate Tectonics (or, as it was initially called "New Global Tectonics") became quickly accepted in the scientific world, and numerous papers followed that defined the concepts:

In 1965, Tuzo Wilson who had been a promoter of the sea floor spreading hypothesis and continental drift from the very beginning added the concept of transform faults to the model, completing the classes of fault types necessary to make the mobility of the plates on the globe work out.

A symposium on continental drift was held at the Royal Society of London in 1965 which must be regarded as the official start of the acceptance of plate tectonics by the scientific community, and which abstracts are issued as Blacket, Bullard & Runcorn (1965). In this symposium, Edward Bullard and co-workers showed with a computer calculation how the continents along both sides of the Atlantic would best fit to close the ocean, which became known as the famous "Bullard's Fit".

In 1966 Wilson published the paper that referred to previous plate tectonic reconstructions, introducing the concept of what is now known as the "Wilson Cycle".

In 1967, at the American Geophysical Union's meeting, W. Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other.

Two months later, Xavier Le Pichon published a complete model based on 6 major plates with their relative motions, which marked the final acceptance by the scientific community of plate tectonics.

In the same year, McKenzie and Parker independently presented a model similar to Morgan's using translations and rotations on a sphere to define the plate motions.

Implications for biogeography

Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present day life found on different continents but having similar ancestors.

 In particular, it explains the Gondwanan distribution of ratites and the Antarctic flora.

Plate reconstruction

Reconstruction of plate configurations for the whole Phanerozoic

Reconstruction is used to establish past (and future) plate configurations, helping determine the shape and make-up of ancient supercontinents and providing a basis for paleogeography.

Defining plate boundaries

Current plate boundaries are defined by their seismicity.

Past plate boundaries within existing plates are identified from a variety of evidence, such as the presence of ophiolites that are indicative of vanished oceans.

Past plate motions

Tectonic motion first began around three billion years ago.

Various types of quantitative and semi-quantitative information are available to constrain past plate motions. The geometric fit between continents, such as between west Africa and South America is still an important part of plate reconstruction. Magnetic stripe patterns provide a reliable guide to relative plate motions going back into the Jurassic period.

The tracks of hotspots give absolute reconstructions but these are only available back to the Cretaceous. Older reconstructions rely mainly on paleomagnetic pole data, although these only constrain the latitude and rotation, but not the longitude. Combining poles of different ages in a particular plate to produce apparent polar wander paths provides a method for comparing the motions of different plates through time.

Additional evidence comes from the distribution of certain sedimentary rock types, faunal provinces shown by particular fossil groups, and the position of orogenic belts.

Formation and break-up of continents

The movement of plates has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents. The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2,000 to 1,800 million years ago and broke up about 1,500 to 1,300 million years ago.

The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents, and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago. The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia (which became North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (which became the remaining continents).

Current plates

List of tectonic plates

Depending on how they are defined, there are usually seven or eight "major" plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, North American, South American, Pacific, and Indo-Australian. The latter is sometimes subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates.

There are dozens of smaller plates, the seven largest of which are the Arabian, Caribbean, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Philippine Sea and Scotia.

The current motion of the tectonic plates is nowadays revealed from remote sensing satellite data sets, calibrated with ground station measurements.

Other celestial bodies (planets, moons)

The appearance of plate tectonics on terrestrial planets is related to planetary mass, with more massive planets than Earth expected to exhibit plate tectonics. Earth may be a borderline case, owing its tectonic activity to abundant water  (Silica and water form a deep eutectic.)

Venus

See also: Geology of Venus

Venus shows no evidence of active plate tectonics. There is debatable evidence of active tectonics in the planet's distant past; however, events taking place since then (such as the plausible and generally accepted hypothesis that the Venusian lithosphere has thickened greatly over the course of several hundred million years) has made constraining the course of its geologic record difficult. However, the numerous well-preserved impact craters have been utilized as a dating method to approximately date the Venusian surface (since there are thus far no known samples of Venusian rock to be dated by more reliable methods). Dates derived are dominantly in the range 500 to 750 million years ago, although ages of up to 1,200 million years ago have been calculated. This research has led to the fairly well accepted hypothesis that Venus has undergone an essentially complete volcanic resurfacing at least once in its distant past, with the last event taking place approximately within the range of estimated surface ages. While the mechanism of such an impressive thermal event remains a debated issue in Venusian geosciences, some scientists are advocates of processes involving plate motion to some extent.

One explanation for Venus' lack of plate tectonics is that on Venus temperatures are too high for significant water to be present. The Earth's crust is soaked with water, and water plays an important role in the development of shear zones. Plate tectonics requires weak surfaces in the crust along which crustal slices can move, and it may well be that such weakening never took place on Venus because of the absence of water. However, some researchers remain convinced that plate tectonics is or was once active on this planet.

Mars

See also: Geology of Mars

Mars is considerably smaller than Earth and Venus, and there is evidence for ice on its surface and in its crust.

In the 1990s, it was proposed that Martian Crustal Dichotomy was created by plate tectonic processes. Scientists today disagree, and believe that it was created either by upwelling within the Martian mantle that thickened the crust of the Southern Highlands and formed Tharsis or by a giant impact that excavated the Northern Lowlands.

Observations made of the magnetic field of Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft in 1999 showed patterns of magnetic striping discovered on this planet. Some scientists interpreted these as requiring plate tectonic processes, such as seafloor spreading.

However, their data fail a "magnetic reversal test", which is used to see if they were formed by flipping polarities of a global magnetic field.

Galilean satellites of Jupiter

Some of the satellites of Jupiter have features that may be related to plate-tectonic style deformation, although the materials and specific mechanisms may be different from plate-tectonic activity on Earth.

Titan, moon of Saturn

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the Huygens Probe, which landed on Titan on January 14, 2005.

Exoplanets

It is believed that many planets around other stars will have plate tectonics. On Earth-sized planets, plate tectonics is more likely if there are oceans of water, but on larger super-earths plate tectonics is very likely even if the planet is dry.

See also

Geosyncline theory

Supercontinent cycle

Geological history of Earth

List of plate tectonics topics

Tectonics

References

Notes

^ Little, Fowler & Coulson 1990.

^ Read & Watson 1975.

^ Scalera & Lavecchia 2006.

^ Zhen Shao 1997, Hancock, Skinner & Dineley 2000.

^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002, p. 5.

^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002.

^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002, p. 3.

^ Foulger 2010.

^ Schmidt & Harbert 1998.

^ Meissner 2002, p. 100.

^ "Plate Tectonics: Plate Boundaries". platetectonics.com. Retrieved 12 June 2010.

^ "Understanding plate motions". USGS. Retrieved 12 June 2010.

^ Mendia-Landa, Pedro. "Myths and Legends on Natural Disasters: Making Sense of Our World". Retrieved 2008-02-05.

^ van Dijk 1992, van Dijk & Okkes 1991.

^ Tanimoto & Lay 2000.

^ Smoot et al. 1996.

^ Spence 1987, White & McKenzie 1989.

^ a b Conrad & Lithgow-Bertelloni 2002.

^ Spence 1987, White & McKenzie 1989, Segev 2002.

^ "Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)". University of California Museum of Paleontology.

^ van Dijk 1992, van Dijk & Okkes 1990.

^ Moore 1973.

^ Bostrom 1971.

^ Scoppola et al. 2006.

^ Torsvik et al. 2010.

^ a b Wegener 1929.

^ Hughes 2001a.

^ Wegener 1966, Hughes 2001b.

^ a b Runcorn 1956.

^ Carey 1956.

^ see for example the milestone paper of Lyman & Fleming 1940.

^ Korgen 1995, Spiess & Kuperman 2003.

^ Kious & Tilling 1996.

^ Frankel 1987.

^ Joly 1909.

^ Thomson 1863.

^ Wegener 1912.

^ Stein & Wysession 2009, p. 26

^ Carey 1956; see also Quilty 2003.

^ Holmes 1928; see also Holmes 1978, Frankel 1978.

^ Lippsett 2001, Lippsett 2006.

^ Heezen 1960.

^ Dietz 1961.

^ Hess 1962.

^ Mason & Raff 1961, Raff & Mason 1961.

^ Vine & Matthews 1963.

^ See summary in Heirzler, Le Pichon & Baron 1966

^ Wilson 1963.

^ Wilson 1965.

^ Wilson 1966.

^ Morgan 1968.

^ Le Pichon 1967.

^ McKenzie & Parker 1967.

^ Moss & Wilson 1998.

^ Condie 1997.

^ Lliboutry 2000.

^ Kranendonk, V.; Martin, J. (2011). "Onset of Plate Tectonics". Science 333 (6041): 413–414. doi:10.1126/science.1208766. PMID 21778389. edit

^ Torsvik, Trond Helge. "Reconstruction Methods". Retrieved 18 June 2010.

^ a b Torsvik 2008.

^ Butler 1992.

^ Scotese, C.R. (2002-04-20). "Climate History". Paleomap Project. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

^ Zhao 2002, 2004

^ a b Valencia, O'Connell & Sasselov 2007.

^ Kasting 1988.

^ Bortman, Henry (2004-08-26). "Was Venus alive? "The Signs are Probably There"". Astrobiology Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-08.

^ Sleep 1994.

^ Zhong & Zuber 2001.

^ Andrews-Hanna, Zuber & Banerdt 2008.

^ Connerney et al. 1999, Connerney et al. 2005

^ Harrison 2000.

^ Soderblom et al. 2007.

^ Barry, Carolyn (2007). "The plate tectonics of alien worlds". Cosmos.

Cited books

Butler, Robert F. (1992). "Applications to paleogeography". Paleomagnetism: Magnetic domains to geologic terranes. Blackwell. ISBN 086542070X. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

Carey, S. W. (1958). "The tectonic approach to continental drift". In Carey, S.W.. Continental Drift—A symposium, held in March 1956. Hobart: Univ. of Tasmania. pp. 177–363. Expanding Earth from p. 311 to p. 349.

Condie, K.C. (1997). Plate tectonics and crustal evolution (4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 282. ISBN 9780750633864. Retrieved 2010-06-18.

Foulger, Gillian R. (2010). "Plates vs Plumes: A Geological Controversy.". Wiley-Blackwell, 364 pp.. ISBN ISBN 9781405161480; ISBN 978-1405161480.

Frankel, H. (1987). "The Continental Drift Debate". In H.T. Engelhardt Jr and A.L. Caplan. Scientific Controversies: Case Solutions in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521275606.

Hancock, Paul L.; Skinner, Brian J.; Dineley, David L. (2000). The Oxford Companion to The Earth. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198540396.

Hess, H. H. (November 1962). "History of Ocean Basins". In A. E. J. Engel, Harold L. James, and B. F. Leonard. Petrologic studies: a volume to honor of A. F. Buddington. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 599–620.

Holmes, Arthur (1978). Principles of Physical Geology (3 ed.). Wiley. pp. 640–641. ISBN 0471072516.

Joly, John (1909). Radioactivity and Geology: An Account of the Influence of Radioactive Energy on Terrestrial History. London: Archibald Constable. p. 36. ISBN 1402135777.

Kious, W. Jacquelyne; Tilling, Robert I. (February 2001) [1996]. "Historical perspective". This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics (Online ed.). U.S. Geological Survey. ISBN 0160482208. Retrieved 2008-01-29. "Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus... suggested that the Americas were 'torn away from Europe and Africa... by earthquakes and floods... The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents].'"

Lippsett, Laurence (2006). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory". In William Theodore De Bary, Jerry Kisslinger and Tom Mathewson. Living Legacies at Columbia. Columbia University Press. pp. 277–297. ISBN 0-231-13884-9. Retrieved 2010-06-22.

Little, W.; Fowler, H.W.; Coulson, J. (1990). Onions C.T.. ed. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary: on historical principles. II (3 ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198611264.

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Plate tectonics

This Dynamic Earth: The Story of Plate Tectonics. USGS.

Understanding Plate Tectonics. USGS.

The PLATES Project. Jackson School of Geosciences.

An explanation of tectonic forces. Example of calculations to show that Earth Rotation could be a driving force.

Bird, P. (2003); An updated digital model of plate boundaries.

Map of tectonic plates.

The geodynamics of the North-American-Eurasian-African plate boundaries.

GPlates, desktop software for the interactive visualization of plate-tectonics.

MORVEL plate velocity estimates and information. C. DeMets, D. Argus, & R. Gordon.

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When we shall learn about our own existence on the Alien ET Highway of the Cosmos Through Time Called the Ascension Age.
We are each a soul first as a creation. We are then given an essence which can become an actual separate entity that can detect separate awareness from the original source as the creator.

 

Atlantis & MU

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Atlantis was created by the …

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Unified Field

We are all on a journey to discover more than we are at present.

There is so much to know and so much to share. The greatest word, feeling, emotion that I know that I can share is LOVE. The second is LIGHT. I cannot tell another which came first as a word of worth in me whether it was love or light but I believe that the greatest worth in me is both LOVE and LIGHT! TJ

People have been asking me if I AM REAL! I AM! My real truth is that which I find connected to the ALL in the AKASHIC FIELD or the "ALL I AM" in the Field of Everything we regard as GOD.

I am a believer! I am one who has had encounters with Aliens and Higher Beings!

Whether another of our humanoid species wants to believe me is up to them. I simply mirror and reflect a part of "THE ALL" in me back to all of us.

My words are my work as a writer. A female array of our species has shared a short email to try to contact me and I feel it is time to come back to this time, place, plane, and website and share that which others need to know and find in their own personal lives on their own personal journey.

Times are changing and so are we. I don't know for sure what I am to share in this journey with others so I consult my higher power.

My higher consciousness is as much a part of me and the "ALL" we know that must exist in all of us as the energy we call spirit.

The love in our heartfelt spirit inside us all is what shall prevail in the coming months and years leading up to the date our ancestors have chosen with the aliens as DECEMBER 21, 2012.

There is nothing to fear but fear its self. We can live in love and light and know that our futures are all leading to another area we call somewhere.

Somewhere in the future we will all find each other once again! We are never alone!

I hope that what I am put here on earth to share and discover is the love we have in each other with the power to know others of our kind to share companionship.

There are many who are lost in their own dreams created while here on earth.

It is now time for all to wake up to the many levels of our own reality that we create and share with each other.

Thank you for including me in life and I hope that we shall learn to not exclude anyone.

May this article be well accepted as one that allows others to find their belief in aliens and higher beings.

My purpose in life is served by being who I am and loving others.

I share that aliens exist and that higher beings exist.

I have many levels of shares that some call experiences with those who are of the Alien Extraterrestrial Beings. I also share a level with others who are using spacecraft not of earth origin that we call UFOS.

The following is a short answer to one who is searching and she has found her way to me so that I may assist her as a mirror and reflection of what she may be searching for inside her own self.

We can all serve each other. The best advice I can give another is to ask one's own higher self what can be done to serve self and others while here on earth. Be of service and be involved with all that is considered the reality of who you are while here on earth.

BE OF SERVICE TO THE WORLD! LOVE AND LIGHT! TJ

TJ's answer back to one of her many fans and readers on UFO Digest...

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hello:

Who are you and No I don't make this stuff up!

I am as real as you!

So, please share who you are and what dream you want to share!

Thank you! - We can email each other here.

Love and Light

TJ

TJ MORRIS

Theresa J. Morris

TJ Morris tm ACIR sm

1357 State Route 1118

Horse Branch, KY 42349

(270) 256-9659

MsTJMorris@aol.com

Websites Alphabetically:

acir.us, AmericanNewsMagazine.com, AscensionCenter.com, ETspirit.Org

OhioCountyKentucky.net,  PlanetInformationNetwork.com, PsychicSouls.info, SocialParanormal.comTheresaMorris.net, TImelyManorBooks.com, TJMorris.Org, TJMorris.us, TJMorrisPsyhic.net, TJMorrisPublishing.US, TJThurmondMorris.com, WorldInformationNetwork.info, and many others...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Message to TJ from one of her readers...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In a message dated 10/6/2011 1:30:23 P.M. Central Daylight Time, XXXX@yahoo.com writes:

I read your article. Where did you get this info? Who are you? Is this real? I need to know. I NEED to know. I have a memory of something that happened when I was young. I always thought it was a dream. Please, tell me everything you can. Or please just tell me you made it all up.

Thank you,

-aj

Sent from my LG phone

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I CANNOT TELL YOU EVERYTHING - BUT YOU CAN!

I Do Not Make Up That Which I Write! - I simply receive IT as that which I feel I desire to share with others . Most of the time it is like an art form that is inspired. Think of it like an artist uses oils and paint on a canvas. We all have  the ability to know ourselves and how we exist in various states of mind and consciousness. I have studied various lifestyles and world religions my whole life. I learned that metaphysics serve me as well.

I am one who desires to reach out to others through my own life experiences. If this serves another on earth then so be it. I am a writer on UFO Digest because I was impressed to be so and was lead here by others on my journey and path. I believe we should all create our own path on earth and leave a trail for others to find. My mother taught me on earth that we are all the authors of our own life's story.  Be more, Do more, and Have more. The Way the world is now can change as we change to make the world a better place. I do my part by being a writer of words and I interject my heartfelt spirit. I believe in sharing love and light for others to find when they are ready.

My truth comes to me in various forms as both a sender and a receiver in various ways, waves, and dimensions. I believe we are both particles and waves which are both a path of something more than our own selves while here on earth. I believe we all encompass the GOD in all of us as that which drives us as the force inside us all as the energy we call spirit and essence.

We are that which allows us to communicate while we are in a material form. Once we serve out our purpose here we may return to the vast sea of consciousness that some call the God and Goddess energy of all that lies far beyond out comprehension in time, places, planes, and dimensions.

Presently, we regard the 7 heavens of our Ancient Ancestors as all that was created for us to enjoy and explore while we are in our perfect form as spirits.

While we are in physical and mental forms, we can meet each other, and communicate.

We are all serving our purpose out on this journey while here. This is a journey and not a destination.

I am real and I share my thoughts of all the levels , places, planes, and dimensions that I visit, share, and discover on my own personal journey.

Some people enjoy reading my shares, and discoveries.

I happen to write about all that I feel is shared with me with those who are believers in the Higher Beings and Aliens as Extraterrestrials.

 

One of the explanations of where we get this info!

We are all part of the universe, multiverse,metaverse, xenoverse, omniverse, and all that lies beyond that which are the below. AS ABOVE SO BELOW has always been the way it has been thought of in our world of spirit!

When we begin the thought process of our own consciousness we allow our spirit to intervene. Our spirit may sometimes be heard as that still small voice inside of us we call our conscious.

There is a vast store house of mental images inside us all. Some are good and some may be bad. It is up to us to clean our own house of consciousness and to begin creating the mental images that we want to see and discover for ourselves.

We can create our own stories with happy or sad endings. The truth is up to US!

People are waking up to the fact that there is more to life than what we are now experiencing and many want to do something to change the artful atmosphere that has been created. Some are gathering together to make their voices heard in unison.

I am one who works in the higher planes to serve those above so that those ebens below can be heard as well. I am one who acts as a bridge and go between as this is part of my journey in this lifetime on earth. We all have a part to play and I am writing my own story with the guidance of those above we call aliens - higher beings - God.

I ask for GOD and GODDESS to guide me on a daily basis. I was raised to believe in our teachers on earth such as Jesus Christ and I believe in the power of those who have come before us to this place on earth. This is my choice and I find that these choices serve me very well in this place.  It is up to each individual to find their way back home.

I am here to share my self if once chooses to share themselves first. Those above have set this situation up this way. I am easy to find for those who choose to find me. I can be located here on UFO Digest which serves those who are believers in what I choose to believe in and that is "ASCENSION" and that "ALIEN CIVILIZATIONS EXIST!"

All that I share comes to me from my choice to be of service to others!

 

In the "Xenoverse" the universe is composed of a Multiverse within a Higher Dimension or 'Higher Domain'. Our local Dimensional Universe is a 'Lower Domain' that exists alongside other Lower Domains within the Higher Domain.

Our local Dimensional Universe is the stage of both Xenoverse and Xenias in the 'Xenoverse'. It is composed of two overlapping domains within itself; 'Normal space' and 'Imaginary space'.

"There is a theory that the space we live in is composed of two realities (and nothingness): normal space, which we are actually able to perceive, and imaginary space, which proceeds along an imaginary temporal axis we cannot perceive.

The concept of imaginary time itself is a theory devised by Hawking to explain the birth of the universe without the use of singularities--without relying on the existence of God. With it, one can picture a universe without any "beginning" (the Big Bang singularity) or "end" (the Big Crunch singularity), but instead simply composed of a multi-dimensional hyper spherical surface." - Tetsuya Takahashi (Xenias database)

Normal space (or real-number domain) is the reality that can be perceived (to know via a sense organ), and the Imaginary space (imaginary-number domain) is the reality that cannot be perceived. Every single thing that exists in the universe extends into these two domains. For example, in the case of humans, the "substance and flesh" that can be seen and touched exist in Normal space, and the "consciousness and heart" that cannot be sensed exist in Imaginary space.

The Collective Unconscious exists in Imaginary Space and is recognized as a white beach. The white ash-colored beach is the visual image of the imaginary domain that a consciousness visualizes when its real-domain body has died and it is being pulled into the Collective Unconscious. This image is subjective and differs according to cultural background and experience of the perceiver.

This Collective Unconscious is something like a sky that canopies the entire world, or a vast land on which everything stands. The Collective Unconscious in Imaginary space is such an absolute existence that it is the structure of a gigantic consciousness that holds the Dimensional Universe together.

Imaginary space can be thought of as the "spiritual domain" similar to the world of the soul spoken about by religions such as "heaven" or "nirvana".

 

»

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About Theresa J. Thurmond Morris



Bio

Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris is an Author/Entrepreneur. TJ specializes in paranormal/super natural phenomenon. TJ was a professional consultant and expert witness on legal investigations and has prior military and government service in the USA 1980-1993. Professionally she uses her initials TJ. TJ has written several paranormal books including Ascension Age 2012 & Beyond, Alien UFO Story by TJ, Avatar Oracle Xeno Guide, Roswell Connection, Roswell UFO Encounters, UFOS & Extraterrestrials, and Uplifting the Soul. All books are in print available. TJ shares her life with TJ Morris & Friends and is an Ambassador of Goodwill with American Culture International Relations and ACIR. TJ Morris is her trademark ACIR her servicemark.

TJ also edits books for her friends and publishes books such as mysteries and paranormal romance. Professional History in corporate international marketing, manufacturing,legal investigations, newspaper columnist, and magazine publisher. TJ lives in Kentucky USA with husband who is also an author. TJ is a speaker, spiritual consultant, producer,publisher. TJ spends much of her time assisting others as a consultant in business and with building websites. TJ's are ACIR.us, AmericanNewsMagazine.com, TJMorris.org, ETSpirit.org, ASCENSIONcenter.org, and many others as media online press including TimelyManorBooks.com. Tj's books available on Amazon and Lulu under Theresa J Morris and TJ Thurmond Morris. TJ has been interested in the Alien ET UFO Community all her life with a strong research history in the metaphyics, ontology, and is founder of theACE Folklife Historical Society and Ascension Center.org. TJ is also a natural born leader as a Capricorn with Aquarius rising and promotes expos, seminars, and her friends and their business interests. TJ attracts others who desire to share similar interests in social networks and is a social entrepreneur. TJ writes about what interests her including her friends and their businesses. TJ loves people, places, things, and having a near death experience learned the power of meditation and prayer for all those who believe as she does in Ascension Vertical Lifestyles for body-mind-spirit. TJ has been a Life Coach to those who request her services as a mentor. TJ is a known planner organizer since she founded Psychic Network in Hawaii 1990-1993 and has worked in seminars and expos in the USA.

ACE FOLKLIFE BASE Body Mind Spirit Resource Guide for our 2013 Directory ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION – Sustainability of Higher Consciousness! ACE METAPHYSICAL SCIENCE GUIDE – TJ Morris tm ACIR of DIRECTORY - A Work in Progress as we share life together in the New Ascension Age TJ Morris Publishing Network Our Vision Serves an emerging movement of globally conscious citizens dedicated to manifesting our highest capacities. We believe that consciousness is essential to a paradigm shift that will lead to a more sustainable world. We encourage open-minded explorations of consciousness through the meeting of science and spirit. We take inspiration from the great discoveries of human history that have been sourced from insight and intuition and that have harnessed reason and logic for their outer expression. It is our conviction that systematic inquiries into consciousness will catalyze positive concrete transformations in the world. In this process, our vision is to help birth a new worldview that recognizes our basic interconnectedness and interdependence and promotes the flourishing of life in all its magnificent forms. Our Mission We are a fellowship nonprofit social network connection online. We desire to be friends and social net workers. We are broadening our knowledge of the nature and potentials of mind and consciousness and applying that knowledge to enhancing human well-being and the quality of life on the planet. Child Development Elders/Seniors Rites of Passage Spiritual Parenting Psychic Kids Organizers Expos/Fairs Schools Schools, Home Study Trips/Travel Publications Books, Local Authors Directories EBooks Magazines Sound Crystal Singing Bowls Music Groups/Musicians Relaxation/Meditation CDs Sound Therapy Vibrational Therapy Misc. Flotation Tank UFO's / ET's Unified Field Body Work Alexander Technique Biopulsation Body Wraps BodyTalk Bowen Chiropractors Craniosacral Therapy Feldenkrais Huna Lomi Lomi Massage, Newborn Massage, On-Site Massage, Pregnancy Massage, Shiatsu Massage, Therapeutic Massage, Thai Myofascial Release Naprapathy Neuromuscular Therapy Ortho-Bionomy. Reflexology Rosenwork Rubenfeld Synergy Trager Bodywork Watsu Warm Water Therapy Eastern Acupressure Acupuncture Ayurvedic Falun Qong Feng Shui Henna Art Jin Shin Jyutsu Mandala Qigong Tai Chi Tantra Vastu Zen Natural Animal Practitioners Apitherapy Crystals/Rocks Dowsing Drumming Fairies Firewalk Labyrinth Nature Preserves Nature Spirits Organics Power Places Salt Lamps Smudge Sticks Trees Wind Chimes Healthy Food Animal Foods, Natural Health and Food Stores Juice Bars Kombucha Milk, Hormone Free Organic Produce Raw Food Restaurants Water WaterBlessingLabels Energywork Avatar Barbara Brennan Breathwork Chios Energy Healing DNA Healing Touch Implant Removal Light Healing Neural Depolarization Polarity Pranic Healing Reconnective Healing Reiki Quantum Energy Quantum Touch Therapeutic Touch Theta Healing Touch For Health Vortexhealing Zero Balancing Internal Blood Work Chelation Colonics Detox Foot Bath Ear Candling Macrobiotics Nutrition Oxygen Therapy Vegetarians Weight Loss Personal Care Aromatherapy Baby Care, Natural Bath and Body Shops Candles Cleaners, Natural Day Spas Hair Care, Natural Skin Care, Holistic Soap, Handmade Women's Products Stores Angel Stores Bead Stores Book Stores Books, Used Metaphysical Clothing Stores Gift Stores Health and Food Stores Native American Green Air Purifiers Alternate Energy Alternate Fuel Vehicles Alternate Power Cleaners, Green Composter Dry Cleaning Energy Analysis Gardens, Environmental Housing, Energy Efficient Landscape, Zeroscape Laundry Organic Gardening Organic Lawn Care Recycling Solar Therapeutic Horticulture Medical Arts Dentist, Holistic Doctor, Ayurvedic Doctor, Holistic Doctor, Oriental Medicine Doctor, Osteopath Iridology Medical Intuitive Naturopathy Nursing, Holistic Optometry/Ophthalmology Podiatrist, Holistic Thermography Veterinarian Mind Biofeedback Counselors EFT (EMFT) EMDR Gestalt Guided Imagery Hypnosis Store, Online Hypnotherapy Inner Child Journaling / Writing Motivation NLP Neuro Linguistic Programming Past Life Regressions Personal Coach Psych-K Psychotherapy, Holistic Rapid Eye Technology Subliminals Movement Dancing, Sacred Nia Personal Trainers Pilates Yoga Yoga Clothing Yoga Dance Supplements Colloidal Minerals Distributors Green Supplements Herbs Homeopathics Vitamins Fitness Akido Challenge Courses Health and Fitness Clubs Rebounders Beauty Art, Spiritual Bamboo Jewelry Fountains Psychic Art Water Lilies Businesses Music Stores Paint, Recycled Paper, Recyled Software Readings Akashic Records Angels Animal Communicator Astrology Astrology, Lovers Astrology Software Astrology, Vedic Aura Photography Aura Video Automatic Writing Biorhythm Readings Biorthym Software Channeling Clairvoyant Crystal Readings Dream Interpretation Enneagram Handwriting Horoscopes Intuitive Readers Medium Natal Chart Numerology Readings Palmistry Psychics Psychometry Runes Sand Readings Tarot Tarot Software Tea Leaves Vedic Astrology Public Centers Dating, Holistic On-line eRadio Intentional Communities Librarys Minister Organizations Politics Speaker Radio Retreat Centers Retreat Television, Holistic Tools Angel Board Calendar Crystals Insurance, Alternative Health Magnets Massage Tables Message Boards Pendulums Prosperity Pyramids Rentals Sacred Geometry Vision Improvement Spiritual Ascension Kabbalah Meditation Native American Out of body Experiences Paranormal Rebirthing Religious Centers (Diverse) Shamanic Spiritual Counseling Spiritual Healing Zen Vibrational Aromatherapy Crop Circles Essences (flower, tree, gem) Gem Layouts Homeopathy Kinesiology Light Therapy Sacred Geometry Sound Chamber Sound Therapy Toning Tuning Forks Animals Animal Communicator Animal Repatterning Veterinarian, Holistic Women Ayurdoula Birthing Center Childbirth Doula HypnoBirthing Midwives Special Ages Child Development Elders/Seniors Rites of Passage Spiritual Parenting Psychic Kids Organizers Expos/Fairs Schools Schools, Home Study Trips/Travel Publications Books, Local Authors Directories eBooks Magazines Sound Crystal Singing Bowls Music Groups/Musicians Relaxation/Meditation CDs Sound Thearpy Vibrational Therapy Misc Flotation Tank UFO's / ET's Unified Child Development Elders/Seniors Rites of Passage Spiritual Parenting Psychic Kids Organizers Expos/Fairs Schools Schools, Home Study Trips/Travel Publications Books, Local Authors Directories eBooks Magazines Sound Crystal Singing Bowls Music Groups/Musicians Relaxation/Meditation CDs Sound Thearpy Vibrational Therapy Misc Flotation Tank UFO's / ET's Unified Field We are all on a journey to discover more than we are at present. There is so much to know and so much to share. The greatest word, feeling, emotion that I know that I can share is LOVE. The second is LIGHT. I cannot tell another which came first as a word of worth in me whether it was love or light but I believe that the greatest worth in me is both LOVE and LIGHT! TJ People have been asking me if I AM REAL! I AM! My real truth is that which I find connected to the ALL in the AKASHIC FIELD or the "ALL I AM" in the Field of Everything we regard as GOD. I am a believer! I am one who has had encounters with Aliens and Higher Beings! Whether another of our humanoid species wants to believe me is up to them. I simply mirror and reflect a part of "THE ALL" in me back to all of us. My words are my work as a writer. A female array of our species has shared a short email to try to contact me and I feel it is time to come back to this time, place, plane, and website and share that which others need to know and find in their own personal lives on their own personal journey. Times are changing and so are we. I don't know for sure what I am to share in this journey with others so I consult my higher power. My higher consciousness is as much a part of me and the "ALL" we know that must exist in all of us as the energy we call spirit. The love in our heartfelt spirit inside us all is what shall prevail in the coming months and years leading up to the date our ancestors have chosen with the aliens as DECEMBER 21, 2012. There is nothing to fear but fear its self. We can live in love and light and know that our futures are all leading to another area we call somewhere. Somewhere in the future we will all find each other once again! We are never alone! I hope that what I am put here on earth to share and discover is the love we have in each other with the power to know others of our kind to share companionship. There are many who are lost in their own dreams created while here on earth. It is now time for all to wake up to the many levels of our own reality that we create and share with each other. Thank you for including me in life and I hope that we shall learn to not exclude anyone. May this article be well accepted as one that allows others to find their belief in aliens and higher beings. My purpose in life is served by being who I am and loving others. I share that aliens exist and that higher beings exist. I have many levels of shares that some call experiences with those who are of the Alien Extraterrestrial Beings. I also share a level with others who are using spacecraft not of earth origin that we call UFOS. The following is a short answer to one who is searching and she has found her way to me so that I may assist her as a mirror and reflection of what she may be searching for inside her own self. We can all serve each other. The best advice I can give another is to ask one's own higher self what can be done to serve self and others while here on earth. Be of service and be involved with all that is considered the reality of who you are while here on earth. BE OF SERVICE TO THE WORLD! LOVE AND LIGHT! TJ TJ's answer back to one of her many fans and readers on UFO Digest... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hello: Who are you and No I don't make this stuff up! I am as real as you! So, please share who you are and what dream you want to share! Thank you! - We can email each other here. Love and Light TJ TJ MORRIS Theresa J. Morris TJ Morris tm ACIR sm 1357 State Route 1118 Horse Branch, KY 42349 (270) 256-9659 MsTJMorris@aol.com Websites Alphabetically: acir.us, AmericanNewsMagazine.com, AscensionCenter.com, ETspirit.Org OhioCountyKentucky.net, PlanetInformationNetwork.com, PsychicSouls.info, SocialParanormal.comTheresaMorris.net, TImelyManorBooks.com, TJMorris.Org, TJMorris.us, TJMorrisPsyhic.net, TJMorrisPublishing.US, TJThurmondMorris.com, WorldInformationNetwork.info, and many others... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Message to TJ from one of her readers... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In a message dated 10/6/2011 1:30:23 P.M. Central Daylight Time, XXXX@yahoo.com writes: I read your article. Where did you get this info? Who are you? Is this real? I need to know. I NEED to know. I have a memory of something that happened when I was young. I always thought it was a dream. Please, tell me everything you can. Or please just tell me you made it all up. Thank you, -aj Sent from my LG phone -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I CANNOT TELL YOU EVERYTHING - BUT YOU CAN! I Do Not Make Up That Which I Write! - I simply receive IT as that which I feel I desire to share with others . Most of the time it is like an art form that is inspired. Think of it like an artist uses oils and paint on a canvas. We all have the ability to know ourselves and how we exist in various states of mind and consciousness. I have studied various lifestyles and world religions my whole life. I learned that metaphysics serve me as well. I am one who desires to reach out to others through my own life experiences. If this serves another on earth then so be it. I am a writer on UFO Digest because I was impressed to be so and was lead here by others on my journey and path. I believe we should all create our own path on earth and leave a trail for others to find. My mother taught me on earth that we are all the authors of our own life's story. Be more, Do more, and Have more. The Way the world is now can change as we change to make the world a better place. I do my part by being a writer of words and I interject my heartfelt spirit. I believe in sharing love and light for others to find when they are ready. My truth comes to me in various forms as both a sender and a receiver in various ways, waves, and dimensions. I believe we are both particles and waves which are both a path of something more than our own selves while here on earth. I believe we all encompass the GOD in all of us as that which drives us as the force inside us all as the energy we call spirit and essence. We are that which allows us to communicate while we are in a material form. Once we serve out our purpose here we may return to the vast sea of consciousness that some call the God and Goddess energy of all that lies far beyond out comprehension in time, places, planes, and dimensions. Presently, we regard the 7 heavens of our Ancient Ancestors as all that was created for us to enjoy and explore while we are in our perfect form as spirits. While we are in physical and mental forms, we can meet each other, and communicate. We are all serving our purpose out on this journey while here. This is a journey and not a destination. I am real and I share my thoughts of all the levels , places, planes, and dimensions that I visit, share, and discover on my own personal journey. Some people enjoy reading my shares, and discoveries. I happen to write about all that I feel is shared with me with those who are believers in the Higher Beings and Aliens as Extraterrestrials. One of the explanations of where we get this info! We are all part of the universe, multiverse,metaverse, xenoverse, omniverse, and all that lies beyond that which are the below. AS ABOVE SO BELOW has always been the way it has been thought of in our world of spirit! When we begin the thought process of our own consciousness we allow our spirit to intervene. Our spirit may sometimes be heard as that still small voice inside of us we call our conscious. There is a vast store house of mental images inside us all. Some are good and some may be bad. It is up to us to clean our own house of consciousness and to begin creating the mental images that we want to see and discover for ourselves. We can create our own stories with happy or sad endings. The truth is up to US! People are waking up to the fact that there is more to life than what we are now experiencing and many want to do something to change the artful atmosphere that has been created. Some are gathering together to make their voices heard in unison. I am one who works in the higher planes to serve those above so that those ebens below can be heard as well. I am one who acts as a bridge and go between as this is part of my journey in this lifetime on earth. We all have a part to play and I am writing my own story with the guidance of those above we call aliens - higher beings - God. I ask for GOD and GODDESS to guide me on a daily basis. I was raised to believe in our teachers on earth such as Jesus Christ and I believe in the power of those who have come before us to this place on earth. This is my choice and I find that these choices serve me very well in this place. It is up to each individual to find their way back home. I am here to share my self if once chooses to share themselves first. Those above have set this situation up this way. I am easy to find for those who choose to find me. I can be located here on UFO Digest which serves those who are believers in what I choose to believe in and that is "ASCENSION" and that "ALIEN CIVILIZATIONS EXIST!" All that I share comes to me from my choice to be of service to others! In the "Xenoverse" the universe is composed of a Multiverse within a Higher Dimension or 'Higher Domain'. Our local Dimensional Universe is a 'Lower Domain' that exists alongside other Lower Domains within the Higher Domain. Our local Dimensional Universe is the stage of both Xenoverse and Xenias in the 'Xenoverse'. It is composed of two overlapping domains within itself; 'Normal space' and 'Imaginary space'. "There is a theory that the space we live in is composed of two realities (and nothingness): normal space, which we are actually able to perceive, and imaginary space, which proceeds along an imaginary temporal axis we cannot perceive. The concept of imaginary time itself is a theory devised by Hawking to explain the birth of the universe without the use of singularities--without relying on the existence of God. With it, one can picture a universe without any "beginning" (the Big Bang singularity) or "end" (the Big Crunch singularity), but instead simply composed of a multi-dimensional hyper spherical surface." - Tetsuya Takahashi (Xenias database) Normal space (or real-number domain) is the reality that can be perceived (to know via a sense organ), and the Imaginary space (imaginary-number domain) is the reality that cannot be perceived. Every single thing that exists in the universe extends into these two domains. For example, in the case of humans, the "substance and flesh" that can be seen and touched exist in Normal space, and the "consciousness and heart" that cannot be sensed exist in Imaginary space. The Collective Unconscious exists in Imaginary Space and is recognized as a white beach. The white ash-colored beach is the visual image of the imaginary domain that a consciousness visualizes when its real-domain body has died and it is being pulled into the Collective Unconscious. This image is subjective and differs according to cultural background and experience of the perceiver. This Collective Unconscious is something like a sky that canopies the entire world, or a vast land on which everything stands. The Collective Unconscious in Imaginary space is such an absolute existence that it is the structure of a gigantic consciousness that holds the Dimensional Universe together. Imaginary space can be thought of as the "spiritual domain" similar to the world of the soul spoken about by religions such as "heaven" or "nirvana". Role

Contributor

Posted by Theresa Morris at 5:23 PM 0 comments   

Labels: Ace-Body-Mind-Spirit, TJ MORRIS ACIR

Reactions:          

American Chronicle | World Sustainability Summit Conference 2012 - Tectonic Economics

American Chronicle | World Sustainability Summit Conference 2012 - Tectonic Economics

http://www.theresamorris.com, www.anewnews.com, www.americannewsmagazine.com, www.ascensionbeings.info, http://www.acefolklife.com, www.tjmorrismedia.com

Our Vision

The Org. serves an emerging movement of globally conscious citizens dedicated to manifesting our highest capacities.

We believe that consciousness is essential to a paradigm shift that will lead to a more sustainable world.

We encourage open-minded explorations of consciousness through the meeting of science and spirit.

We take inspiration from the great discoveries of human history that have been sourced from insight and intuition and that have harnessed reason and logic for their outer expression.

It is our conviction that systematic inquiries into consciousness will catalyze positive concrete transformations in the world.

In this process, our vision is to help birth a new worldview that recognizes our basic interconnectedness and interdependence and promotes the flourishing of life in all its magnificent forms.

Our Mission

We are a fellowship nonprofit social network connection online.

We desire to be friends and social net workers.

We are broadening our knowledge of the nature and potentials of mind and consciousness and applying that knowledge to enhancing human well-being and the quality of life on the planet.

Posted by Theresa Morris at 3:02 PM 0 comments   

Labels: Ace-Body-Mind-Spirit, aliens, anewnews, Compass Morainn, ET UFO, exopolitical mediation

Reactions:          

Saturday, July 16, 2011

Import Notes (73)

Import Notes (73)

Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris Author Notes on Facebook.com

“TAKEN UP” by TJ - Reality Begins Combining One Part ET/One part Humanoid/One Part God/Goddess Essence

I am what is called in this space-time an alien hybrid. I believe we are all alien hybrids and would like to do my part to share why I believe this in this lifetime.

My story may have several twists and turns from this planet to other galaxies and even other universes, planes, and dimensions. I may use portals and wormholes for travel. The future and the past may cross one another in order for me to get my point across.

This is going to be an adventure that I have waiting my whole entire life on earth which will soon be sixty years to share. This story I have been writing all my life and waiting for this time, this year the one before 2012 to begin and write my story to be completed in one of the series of the seven seals.

This first one is called “TAKEN UP” in the TJ series of life on this omniverse for I can venture no further as a time traveler in the future outside of this omniverse until I complete this lifetime and this story for others to find that come after me. I share my path as a storyteller.

It is hoped that this will become a screenplay for a movie so that we can all see what I see in all levels of life. We need something new to know and believe in and I believe I am just the one to share that, which is in all of our beings, essences, and imaginations if you will allow me to share that which I believe is inside of us all. The truth will set us free! We are told to seek our own truth and I shall share that which is mine that I have taken to be reality in my matrix. My universal truths that are my deepest secrets of my own soul’s essence has come to be words I can use to communicate with others of my kind. That is the humanoid sentient intelligent being kind. I hope that others can find pearls of great wisdom in some of my shares, and others may find treasures that I did not even find through time while living my life. To each being who finds the time to read and share my story in this life I wish happiness, health, and prosperity to you and all that is yours that you meet. May we all leave this earth and all beings in a better way than when we arrived?

My philosophy in life I learned from my mother, which is live and let live. Mother passed away or died as she called it on May 4, 2011. She wanted me to write my story and that was her last wish and desire spoken to me aloud. That was where we are in this present life. I miss my mother and had no idea how alone one could feel without this other person we call mother not being on this planet with us. I waited to late to write my story for my mother to read but maybe there are others out there who will want to read this story for her and for all their loved ones who have already passed over to the other realm.

We can absorb thoughts into our own and make them part of us for others who we touch throughout time. This I believe to be the one truth of unity in us all.

Readers will find parts of me and my story that have not been shared among my writings as they come forth in my story called TAKEN UP for UFO Digest. I will hope to make seven books of articles that will entail how this story came to be located on earth. This story is one of supernatural and paranormal sequences of events intertwined with what we once called a normal life on planet earth. That which is different from what is normal is what we call paranormal.

How this story is told and unfolds is a human agreement with my not so human other self. I believe we are all-human and spirit as two parts that work synonymously to achieve a higher goal for our souls essence throughout what we call space-time. I believe we have two parts as conscious and subconscious that when combined with our super conscious we learn more about who we are, why we are here, and where we shall go when we leave this planet.

The reality of who I am begins off earth. That is the way I remember my original timeline or story to be told on this planet anyway. I cannot lie about my own personal truth because this story will be the one that defines me from all other sentient intelligent beings of my species.

I have had much encouragement by my peers and colleagues in this life as a paranormal writer for UFO Digest since August 2007. Peter Dirk Vander Ploeg of Canada created UFO Digest. Dirk and I share more than the North American continent in this world in this period. We share a calling and election made sure for our body-mind-spirits in this birth-life-death experience. We are soul group mates. He is male and I female. We both share a sense of belonging together and working toward the same goals in this lifetime. We are sharing the raising consciousness of our humanoid sentient intelligent being species of this cosmos.

How we came to share this calling and purpose is a story that each of us will tell in our own way. We each have a calling and purpose and this is what increases our fulfillment of being who we are as separate beings. There are many of us on earth and we are approaching the seven billion mark as separate units, vessels, and creations go in the body-mind-spirit class of humanoids.

This story is one that is connected to others by their own interest in the alien ET UFO Community. I for one was brought here to this planet in the same was as most humanoid beings. I was born here. I have all that I need to prove that I am human with a birth certificate with my name as Theresa Janette Thurmond and my date of birth being Dec. 26, 1951 at 12:03 PM. I know I was born at exactly noon on that day and that it what it said on my crib sign when I was brought to the nursery. I still have that crib card in my baby book.

We are almost 60 earth years old in this lifetime.

The story I am about to share will be one that many will not want to believe or accept and that is okay with me. I am the one telling the story, I have lived my life, and if I die today or tomorrow, I die fulfilled. We all have a purpose and mine was to make sure that those who needed to know about the Ascension Center Enlightenment and the shift and uplift of our consciousness for our entire species was to happen is in place. I was to be here now in this time of the end of one era and the beginning of another. We in the past have referred to this as the end of the Mayan calendar along with many other cultures who have kept calendars and dates in time.

My story deals with what we call space and time together in what we call space-time.

Some of what I know has not been challenged yet to be proven as fact in science. This may assist some who desire to know more about how the circle of all time and eternity can be affected to bend in space in the omniverse. I bring to a space-time that which I have always known about all of us and that is that we are more than one we are two with a connection to a third.

I do not want to lose anyone and do not mean this maliciously I mean this with the utmost love and respect of a storyteller for one’s readers. There is a certain respect we all have for each other and that respect is for each other’s soul’s experiences.

I am told that I am a soul in a ninth (9) level of existence and it has been a driving force in me to find all these various levels and pieces of my spiritual essence so that I may return back to my original soul in this universe so that I may go forward in time into the future with all the wisdom, and knowledge, as my own taken talents, gifts, and resources to the higher levels in space-time.

There is the older part of me that is called my past life reincarnations that have been filled in as memories inside my brain. For now, neuro scientists do not know how we can have memories from past lives. They are just now trying to fit their findings to that which is said to be the door in our minds or the portal to our known existence not just on earth but in space.

Many of you may not follow the path of the essence of our souls and our minds inside our brains but this has been my quest and a major part of my purpose to return to from where I came. I have always had this feeling of wanting to return to our home in space in a place that was much grander than life here on earth.

What I have memories of are the various levels in time when I came here to assist others of my type called humanoids. This was a choice I made in the past in one or many of my past returns back to the place I would refer to as an ancient past setting with Kings and Queens and Scribes, and those we call Guides, Teachers, Priests, Priestesses, Angels, Guardians, Warriors, and so on and so forth. Many various positions in life we can share in the memories that were created for us in pictures like those we relate in addition, in what we now call a Tarot Deck of cards. This may not be the best analogy for those who are spiritual and religious but it is the best I can come up with at the time I am writing this for those on earth.

I use the Tarot Deck to this day to use as tools with my divination talents, which I believe, are God and Goddess given and shared. The best way I can describe my life on earth is shared with those above who originally created me.

Some in today’s time are learning about computers and how they think. If we take a brain and a computer hard drive filled with information weighing about the same, put them in a black box, and are able to address both and receive an answer, we may not know one from the other. Meaning we could create a scenario or experiment that would deal with what is wisdom and knowledge and where do we gain this information from other brains or other computers.

We may in the future be left to our own defenses for survival and this way of knowing may be all we have to tell whether we are humanoid sentient intelligent beings or highly sophisticated computers with no soul essence.

For those of you who desire to follow my future story one earth, it will be on various parts of this universe, multiverse, metaverse, xenoverse, and omniverse. I am not allowed to travel outside of this omniverse. This is also the third and last part of my calling and election made sure in the story that is mine to tell. I was born elsewhere with memories in other times and places in space. I will do my best to use words already created on earth to detect the time line, space, dimensions, and planes of existence for those who just don’t want the story line but the scientific facts that can be worked with in their lifetimes to become educated about what is more than we presently reveal to others.

That is the telling of my life and memories that are involved with this world in this omniverse that are called, “TAKEN UP by TJ”

Posted by Theresa Morris at 10:24 PM 0 comments   

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Import Notes (72)

Import Notes (72)

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Friday, July 8, 2011

"TAKEN UP"

http://www.theresamorris.com, www.anewnews.com, www.americannewsmagazine.com, www.ascensionbeings.info, http://www.acefolklife.com, www.tjmorrismedia.com

We all have a story to tell and I guess “TAKEN UP” is mine. We all have many myths, legends, and what we are told are history that we learn about while we are growing up on earth. My story will be coming in articles for Dirk Vander Ploeg who is the founding author of UFO Digest.

We all begin the same way if we are humanoid sentient intelligent beings that are. We all are born, we live, and we die. This is the way of all of us who are born with a body, mind, and spirit. Some of us think differently than those around us. Just because we are born on, a continent to believe in the local traditions and cultures does not make us feel normal and fit in no matter how hard we may try.

I have shared some of my thoughts, views, opinions, and stories in the past as articles on a website called UFO Digest.com, which was created by a Canadian born humanoid male, named Dirk Vander Ploeg. I know his name is also Peter, which is a name I dearly love. Names are ways we identify ourselves in life and it is usually our biological parents who name us on the planet we call earth and home. Home is said to be where the heart is or so the old saying goes. Well my heart has always been in two places. This is because part of me never felt like I was born here or belonged only here on this planet.

Oh, I am humanoid enough and even a sentient intelligent being but part of me that lives inside of me has always felt like it was more than just the part of me born on earth. I have various parts of me and I never thought of them as separate growing up because I had nothing to identify these separate parts of me inside my own mind. That is until I began going to church and understanding more about people who come to earth and leave like the man I was taught in Sunday school and Church about. Now I believe the man is called an Ascended Master.

Where I was born is in the south of the United States of America. I was born a southerner of two great southern hardworking families, namely the paternal side name is the Thurmond has and on the maternal side are the Richman’s. I learned early in life that having two sides of one family as normal although in some families there will be one more dominating than the other or so it seems to a child. I was lucky to have two sides and to have two sets of grandparents who loved me being the first grandchild very much. I was supposed to be the first grandson but something inside of me I guess wanted to be a girl. I am not sure what part of me that was but it must be a very old part of me that dealt with what I now call past lives because I have always identified myself with wanting to be a boy in this lifetime. Do not get me wrong though, I loved being a girl and I was a cheerleader in grammar school and a majorette in band in high school. However, I also played basketball and softball on the girl’s teams. I was athletic and when I met puberty, head on, I was very lucky to have good genes with a tall and slender hourglass figure that I soon learned allowed me advantages in this world. The whole doing what came naturally due to traditional values I the southern United States was just life whether in a small rural town like the one I was born in and went to school up until the last half of the ninth grade or the larger big suburban city of Houston, Texas where we moved when I was thirteen that year.

I guess this is where Dirk wanted me to begin my story for our readers on UFO Digest. I first had written to Dirk in August 2007 explaining my first published story dealing with my story I was going to share in this lifetime, which I believed to be dealing with the extraterrestrials. I had been visited as a child and on several occasions when I nearly died, I learned that the angels I was seeing most likely were the same people from above who I thought to be extraterrestrials who could visit in and out of walls like angels or spirit beings.

I later learned that the extraterrestrials could also take on human form just like the spirit angels that worked for God in the Bible stories when I was a child. This made me wonder even more about whether all beings that were coming and going in my life were all of the same level of existence or if there were different levels and I wondered where they actually came from.

This made me wonder even more about life that we were told was the every day hum drum type of existence that made me go to school, and eat my vegetables I didn’t like, and to go places with my family instead of playing outdoors when I wanted to stay home. A part of me was spirit I knew that wanted to be free and not have to do things I did not want too!

When I was a child, I thought that someday when I was an adult I would never do anything I did not want too. I figured I would have all the answers in life and I would be able to explain who God was and where all the various levels of these extraterrestrials and angels were at all times. That was what I thought as a child and even as a young adult. I figured by the time I reached the old age of my parents that I would know everything there is to know about life on earth and in what we called heaven.

I went to college and learned some psychology so I would be better prepared to be a parent and to understand more about people on earth. I took psychology 101 and child psychology and have many books on psychology to this day. I learned a lot about people and I paid a lot of money through the years as an adult to seminars and life training courses, and how to clear out the old negative ways of thinking about anything that held one back from increasing one’s own desires and passions about life. I learned how to become a public speaker with Earth Nightingale courses in Birmingham, Alabama, and I took Arthur Murray dance classes to learn to dance and had dance classes all my life of various types so I had a positive way of thinking and moving in this life.

I felt I had command of my body, mind, and spirit. I even learned how to read people as an Investigator in life and worked for rich attorneys to make a living and to raise my children. I then wanted to know more about how the world worked so I traveled and then joined the U.S. Navy even thought I had been what was called a rehire with the government as a contractor. I did not put all the pieces together with my life until much later in life. I tried to do all the right things and punch the right tickets although I had gotten married at age sixteen and had four daughters by the time I had just turned twenty-two years as a young married woman. My husband had worked at NASA and this was a great way to bring up four daughters during the Apollo Missions into space. The world seemed too modern and I was expecting my second child in 1969 when man first walked on the moon. I thought I was going to figure out life and that my life would be different than it really is now. Life goes for many of us that way. We think when we are young that life will be the way we plan it on earth. Well, I am not ashamed of how my life turned out but I did have a few unsuspected surprises along the way and I admit that not all four of my daughters were planned but they are the best thing that ever happened to me and now I have twelve grandchildren all still alive to day.

I have attempted to tell this story on many occasions over the years and have several attempts on the UFO Digest.com with various ways to share my story and personality. Whether any of them are the way I should go at this time, I do not know. I make lemons out of lemonade sometimes although it seems life is supposed to be when given lemons make lemonade. I always seem to be on the opposite end of what makes sense in life.

So, if you have known me in the past as a reader of my stories on UFO Digest.com then more power to you. If you have not and want to go back and read what I have written as my own life experiences, and thoughts then I also send more power to you. It takes energy as our power to find the time we want to spend getting to know others and especially through life of writers.

I am what am now called a paranormal writer meaning I do not write about the normal things in life. I choose to write about the things that are not so normal like extraterrestrials and my UFO contact experiences for two things. Many people have wanted to join me on Facebook because they have read something I have written or became friends with someone else who have told them about my writing and contactee experiences. I am an advocate of the ET UFO/USO Community. Some call it Alien ET UFO Community. Some are more spiritual about their thoughts and are into the New Age Community…

I tend to write about metaphysics, world religions, and the paranormal as it relates to my prior experiences and me on earth that deal with my own personal paranormal views of life in general. We tend to learn about each other these days on the Internet in what we call the Web or the Matrix. The most popular place to find each other these days is in a very well known social network called Facebook. The one that we also use to speak of when I went to college late in life was My Space. It is still a place for many who like to chat and share information. Then there are the places that are developed for businesses such as Linked In.

I of course try to stay up to date with what my friends all share with me and I use to stay up on the latest and greatest scientific gadgets. Now there are so many coming our with so many newly created applications that it is hard to know from one day to the next what is the latest and greatest news in this world as to where the general populace is gravitating towards. Now we call the general wave of thought in the Internet on the Web as what is trending. The old way that we use to believe NEWS on TV is not the way we believe now. Now the people are all becoming the NEWS LIVE as BLOGGERS!

We are all becoming the one world information network which I call WIN. That is the way I was inspired to think way before we had the Internet and that is a whole story in my past that brought me to know about how to respect that which flows in us all as synergy. It was this synergy I learned about by paying money in large amounts that I did not have at the time but somehow created it or was blessed with and learned to create the future with my thoughts. I learned about how our minds work and that being positive and making things happens for us was what we are here to do. Being creators of the world here and the future was a major part of the general critical mass population of business leaders in America. Of course, I was in Hawaii at the time, which was considered the heart of Lemuria, and spiritual people of the Aloha spirit surrounded me. The Hawaiian Islands were my home for over seven years before I returned to what they call the mainland of North America. I had my two youngest teenage daughters join me there while the older two had their own plans in Florida as they were over 18 by 1990, Angela was twenty-two and married and Lauren was twenty and soon to be married. My four daughters are all beautiful loving girls who were models at one time or another as was I when I was young. Then we all became mothers. That was the natural path for young girls in the last century that were tall, and pretty. However, looks were not enough for me and I wanted more than to be a mother I always wanted a career. I was always a working mother, wanted to be an investigator, and became one. I worked for two famous doctors names Dr. John Hill, and Dr. Grady Hallman and was apartment manager at Jandor Garden Apartments. That landed me a job for a famous rich attorney in property management at Diamond Duplex Apartments and later Telephone Road Apartments before I went back to college and then got my paralegal certificate and my Private Investigators license. I then worked for attorneys in Rochester New York at Cucci, Welch, Collichio, and Welch before returning to Houston, Texas, where I worked for Newton B. Schwartz, Benton Musslewhite and John O’Quinn on Agent Orange and PCB cases mainly. I went to court on several cases for personal injury and learned the importance of building good evidence and findings of fact for the depositions before trial.

I had a great time before I finally was actively recruited into the U.S. Department of Defense, Department of Navy after taking many tests at the courthouse. I had been out of country and traveled around seeing Africa and United Kingdom. I had checked into the embassies and Scotland Yard and was shown around to various ways of doing the international investigations. I specialized in arson, fraud, and subrogation, which worked well with those in the world of discovery in the international commerce and free trade zones. I then opened my own company, which turned into a corporation with all types of trade shows to attend. After 1990-1994, I returned to the mainland to become a commercial truck driver and learn how to be a paid tourist coast to coast. The money was great and I learned a lot about how the larger corporations worked in the United States. I carried many computers worth millions of dollars and carried money for the U.S. Treasury. We had some great loads and I am glad I did this when I did from 1995-2002 for another seven years. I tend to change energy every seven years. I was married once again to Thomas R. Morris who was prior military in the U.S. Army and worked mainly in the European Theater. He and I served around 1980-1993 and both began truck driving in 1994. We shared lives as truck drivers for five years seeing each other constantly until we were married March 2000 in Ohio County, Kentucky where all his relatives lived including his 108-year-old grandfather. I began writing for the weekly newspaper in March 2002 and kept a weekly column up through 2005. Then I began my own magazine and website as American News Magazine, which I kept up since. It has been a wonderful life.

I began sharing my life with others in the ET UFO community officially on UFO Digest, August 2007. It will soon be four (4) years in August next month of 2011 and I have shared my ideas and points of view in my weekly articles. I have tried to keep up websites but now with Facebook, there are people who can read notes on our Facebook page and we can start pages for our special interest groups along with personal blogs that do not cost us at all on blogger. I am seriously thinking about just writing now for others and giving up my own websites since I am also editing books for others. I began editing books in 2000 about the time I began writing for the local weekly newspaper. I seemed to be doing more about 2002 until I was spending what seemed all my time on computers editing stories for others. It was not until about 2008 or 2009 when Dirk and I spoke on the phone landline and talked about the story Taken that Steven Spielberg had made for television. It was a great movie and series, which left many of us wanting more, and we had a new wave of writers in the ET UFO Community. We all seemed to know of each other through UFO Magazine, UFO Digest, or UFO Casebook and now there were new websites cropping up almost daily or so it seemed. We had the encouragement of the UFO stories on the History channel and since the Roswell UFO Museum and Research Library in Roswell, New Mexico as the MECCA, it just seemed natural for all of us to begin sharing our websites, news, blogs, and videos, on Utube. We had now realized the importance of the ET UFO Community and since FACEBOOK we have, all began knowing more of each other’s interests. We are more involved than ever before!

I have a story to tell that people have asked me to share time and time again about how I came to be contacted and how my extra sensory perception or ESP and Psychic Powers may be used in this day and age to promote the times on earth we call the Ascension Age of the time when our entire global population is to be sharing in the awakening and awareness of our spiritual rising of our inner thoughts of our various levels of being. Many variations on the same theme all revolve around a certain date as December 21, 2012. Several author friends of mine have written books and I shared about 10 on lulu.com of which I have not really promoted because they are mostly my articles I have already shared in the past on UFO Digest and American Chronicle or on my own websites. I have Roswell Connection, Roswell UFO Encounters, UFOS & Extraterrestrials, Alien UFO Story by TJ, Avatar Oracle Xeno Guide, and Ascension Age 2012 & Beyond. I have sold about 40 without trying and will probably keep working on the book called “TAKEN UP” while I am still living out the life that I have now. However, for those who desire to keep up with me, and my story, I will begin to share more of the details of all the various contact experiences I had and the sightings.

There are many and I am as intrigued by them as anyone else is I suppose. I claim no special powers other than those I suspect are God Given talents. I was raised in the Christian Church of which I was born a Baptist and Methodist and went to both. I was baptized and later reborn to know the Holy Spirit and that nothing comes from me but from another power, that is inside of me which is our creator. Those of us who believe we have a spirit that is attached to our soul are now called Spiritualists and some of us still choose to believe in the iconic Ascended Master named Jesus. We have many Ascended Masters and those who are like me that choose to use the talents of the Metaphysicians as Tarot Readers use the 44 Ascension Master Cards along with our 78 Rider Waite Tarot Deck Iconic figures from the 14th century.

There are many of us that believe in past lives and reincarnation and that we are old souls formed from that which is actually stardust and we are all star babies from one time or another. Then some of us believe we chose to be alive in Mu, Lemuria, and Atlantis and have returned to help once again in the transition of this time and dispensation called the precession years. The reason we return as Avatar Ascended Masters as a Soul Group is to remind our spiritual children that some call extraterrestrial star seeds to not make the same mistake we did in our ancient history as forgetting where we all began as spirit from the creation process as part of the “ALL” and “IAM that has always been?”/ That is the mistake we are said to have made in the past and the world has been wiped clean of misguided spirits to return from time to time as reincarnated spirits trying to get our spiritual bliss right to return to a better life with our souls attached to the original creators with planets, galaxies, universes, in the multiverse, of the metaverse, and xenoverse to run in this Omniverse.

Those of us who are Avatar Ascended Masters are all well aware of the Matrix and the Web. We are aware of those that are said to be bionic and those who appear to be bionic but have no soul connection and therefore are considered spirits of their own kind and following with a difference set of goals and are not with us in the Supreme Being and High Council categories. They choose to remain outside of the council of twelve and have allegiance to that elsewhere and not in our alliance.

Some of these Ebens or beings of the humanoid kind have a different value system and hierarchy than we of the Supreme High Council. The one’s we choose to share in our universal order have callings and elections made sure based on our own belief system in the supernal belief in the creator that has always been both our God Mother and God Father of this particular Omniverse.

We have various ways to make sure and discern who of us are all working together in this world. Our ancient ancestors kept alive the spirit realm and world among their ancient cultures and some are good and some are better.

We believe in the spirit world as well as the scientific work and world. We learned from past experiences how much trouble our humanoid sentient intelligent being species can get into when we begin to believe only in our own selves and senses that are based on science alone and not of the holy spiritual aspects of the DNA sequencing of which we have not allowed our bionic humanoid Robotoids understand in other galaxies. Some will come in the future, which I have explained before who will seem as human as we are and will not have what we call a soul. They will be humanoid of course but the only way we will be able to tell is from our own power of extra sensory perception and the power to accept each other at the soul basis as what we now call our sixth sense and gut level of knowing!

This is why the age of KNOWING each other is so important! More later. Love and Light. TJ

http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8BF50CD0852E3C2E&feature=edit_ok 

Love of Family, Country, God Sharing Health and Prosperity For all. Ascension Center Enlightenment as ACE FOLKLIFE ~ Ascension Center Organization  Global Love Community Outreach of Spirit for Faith Based Organizations based on "IN GOD WE TRUST~ Your Vote Counts Campaign in 2012-2013.

WVO – WOMEN VETERAN ORGANIZATIONS

Subcategory:  Administrative Public Relations through Ascension Center Information Resource as an OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION service for WEBMASTERS.

Webmasters Women Veterans Organization manages the ACO and today we shall begin sharing our secretary minutes for 2012 with those who have volunteered their services in the Nation.

We shall welcome All Women Veteran Organizations in the world. We presently share our space with those in the USA and CANADA. Our OUTREACH to the UK is through the Spirit Guides Co.UK at present.

We are in the process of seeing what can be done with Legal Counsel to assist us with our GLOBAL COMMUNITY OUTREACH in our slogan ASCENSION AGE is now! We are also concerned about HUMAN RIGHTS and will be sharing WOMEN’s ISSUES and our American Culture International Relations with ACIR and ACE FOLKLIFE.

We are presently going to plan for our SUMMER Festivals and Flea Markets where we are represented with our PROJECT called “YOUR VOTE COUNTS!” We are Independent Voters and share that we believe everyone should vote for the person and not the party. We however are welcoming all voters with open arms in our WVO which is only one Organization of the ASCENSION CENTER ORGANIZATION.

Our SPIRITUAL COMMUNITY shares their own COUNTRIES and similar interests in their own Niche Genres in their own social media information services and websites.

We are inspired by our creator Theresa Janette Thurmond Morris with health and prosperity for all in the Ascension Age to provide OPEN SOURCE public relations as an effort to show what prior women in the military can do as volunteers to offer contributions to other organizations by participating in FUND RAISING and purchasing books from our ACE FOLKLIFE BOOK CLUB and TIMELY MANOR BOOKs.

We have a slogan which is HEALTH AND PROSPERITY FOR ALL in our GLOBAL TECHTONIC ECONOMICS which involve SUSTAINABILITY through HIGHER CONSCIOUSNESS which TJ MORRIS began with her TJ MORRIS PROMOTIONS for American Culture International Relations as TJ Morris tm and ACIR sm.

  

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Article Details for GLOBAL LOVE DAY SUSTAINABILITY MAY 1, 2012 Ascension Age is now!

Author Theresa Morris

Date 05/01/2012 1:03 PM 1:35 PM

Title GLOBAL LOVE DAY SUSTAINABILITY MAY 1, 2012 Ascension Age is Now!

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Tags Ascension Age, New Age Expos, Global Love Day, May 1, 2012, Ascension Center, TJ Morris, UK, USA , CA, North America, Free Trade, open source, associations, global, sustainability, trade, social entrepreneurs, organizations, veterans, USA, VFW, women, women, men, USA,ACIR, TJ Morris tm ACIR sm, Companies Public, Angel Investors, Charities, Celebrity Apprentice, The Apprentice. Entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs, ACE Folklife, TJ Morris Friends, TJ Morris Publishing, TJ Morris Promos, MAPS, Marketing, Advertising, Publicists, Websites, Information, PR, Social Media

Blurb we are in the process of sharing our connections and our similar interests with others. Please visit our Ascension Center Organization and consider Listing with our ACE Guide and ACIR Directory for the USA products and services non-governmental associations and organizations list. Ascension Age is Now May 1, 2012 : Angel : Ascension : Astrology : Aura : Clairvoyance : Crystal : Development : Fair :Fayre : Festival : Ghost : Healing : Hypnosis : Investigation : Law of Attraction : Mediumship :Paranormal : Physical : Psychic : Psychic Art : Readings : Regression : Reiki : Table Tipping :Tarot : Therapists : Trance Mediumship : Transfiguration : Workshop :

Body Happy Global Love Day May 1, 2012

We as Social Entrepreneurs are Global Ambassadors of Goodwill

We are sharing our Grand Opening of our new introductory compilation of what we shall offer the world in our new Global Strategy Plan of our Ascension Center Organization.

Our new slogan is Ascension Age is now!

This project is headed by TJ Morris Publishing who is the webmaster for Tri-State Women Veterans

TJ Morris is the trade name for Theresa J Thurmond Morris and ACIR is the service mark

TJ Morris ACIR has been actively participating in cyberspace with trademark and servicemark since 2005.

Global Tectonic Economics as Sustainability with Higher Consciousness in the Ascension Center Organization

We share our Grand Opening with all those in the ACE FOLKLIFE SOCIETY around the world who may want to join our Ascension Center Organization about sustainability through higher consciousness.

Our Lightworkers are working to share love and light around the world!

We celebrate our Grand Opening by being Social Entrepreneurs interesting in sharing all world organizations that desire to share in being listed with our Ascension Center Resource Information as ACIR GUIDE.

We also have the ACE FOLKLIFE Guide

And the ACE Directory

We are announcing our American Women Veterans Organization Group as the Volunteers who will become the Administrators and Volunteers in the USA for our Made in the USA Products and services promotion that are to be shared around the world in our attempt to share the Lightworkers and Truthseekers in the Social Media Network.

We are presently launching our Ascension Center Organization to support all those in the world who want to assist us in making Lists and Directories in their states organizations.

It is best to work in states and we are concentrating on the Tri-State Women Veterans for Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky has the Heartland of our Ascension Center Organization, our ACE FOLKLIFE, and American Women Veterans Organization.

The following is from one of our Lightworkers for this Global Love Day - MAY 1

Nisara Chomboon

Beloved,

Many of you are having feelings of great sleepiness that appear early, before dark, only then, if they see no other chance, need to go to sleep, because this feeling is very strong. This is a time when we are working on adjusting their energy fields. This adjustment process is best done while their physical bodies are in a state of deep rest. If you are experiencing these symptoms, then you know that it is the turn of being tuned and adjusted.

Everyone, that is, all of our Family of Lightworkers are receiving this personal attention in order to accelerate this process of transformation. Nurture yourself and understand yourself, when that happens because you are not being slothful or lazy, as there simply is part of the process, accept and let it flow. Some of you are feeling uncomfortable in their bodies at certain times of the day: - that, too, will pass.

Listen for signs that they are being data and rest when you feel it necessary.

Establish actions when they are feeling the full force remaining in positive state high thinking. If negative thoughts come to your mind, change immediately to a high thinking. Thus, you are master of your thought patterns.

Your chakras are opening widely, every day; this can sometimes cause them palpitations in this area. If this happens, just relax and rest for a few moments until they pass. There will be continued unexplained pains coming and going away in various parts of your body, it is a sign that adjustments are being made and attunements. It is time to accept what they are coming, but then resist, because of preconceived expectations of how it should be.

Many projects will be placed to be sustained as each one walking through this process. Know that everything will be done again when the weather is right and everything will flow smoothly and with grace and lightness when this happens. You may have noticed that the personal interactions are going through positive changes.

Many people are now voicing their feelings and thoughts with more reality than before. This is a very positive step toward the unity of consciousness. When we succeed in accepting each other without criticism and judgment, this will open a path for communication with more meaning and depth. By adopting this truth each other, this will enable the person without his mask previously used, can shine your light shining for the world. Be proud of who you are. In the entire universe, there is no one like you.

One of a kind and an integral part of the whole. Without you this world in these times now, an important part of the All would be missing.

Practice sustaining love and bless the thoughts, wherever possible through your day. This will help anchor your Christ Self. Identify themselves strongly as possible with the highest attributes of his I honor him and to make it manifest. Where your thoughts are, there will be too. These times require that each of you to do due diligence and My Dear, you all are already doing this.

Beloved, our hearts are full of love as we observe them walking daily with the highest integrity. Know that each of you is surrounded by family and Light and that we walked side by side with you.

Until next week...

I am Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

We share English as our first language, Spanish as our second, and Spanglish as out Third.

TRANSLATION in SPANISH

Amados,

Muitos de vocês estão tendo sensações de grande sonolência que aparecem cedo, antes do anoitecer, aí então, se vêem sem outra chance, precisam ir dormir, pois esse sentimento é muito forte. Esse é um período quando nós estamos trabalhando no ajuste de seus campos de energias. Esse processo de ajuste é melhor executado enquanto os seus corpos físicos estão em estado de profundo descanso. Se vocês estão experimentando esses sintomas, então saibam que é a sua vez de estar sendo sintonizado e ajustado.

Cada um, ou seja, todos da nossa Família de Trabalhadores da Luz estão recebendo essa atenção pessoal, a fim de acelerarem esse processo de transformação. Nutram-se e compreendam a si mesmo, quando isso acontecer, pois vocês não estão sendo indolentes ou preguiçosos, já que simplesmente é parte do processo, aceitem e deixem fluir. Alguns de vocês estão sentindo-se desconfortáveis em seus corpos em certos períodos do dia:- isso, também, irá passar.

Escutem aos sinais que lhes estão sendo dados e descansem quando sentirem ser necessário.

Estabeleçam ações quando estão sentindo-se cheios de vigor permanecendo em estado positivo com pensamentos elevados. Se pensamentos negativos chegarem a sua mente, mudem imediatamente para um pensamento elevado. Desse modo, vocês estão sendo mestres de seus padrões de pensamentos.

Os seus chacras estão se abrindo amplamente, a cada dia, isso pode algumas vezes, lhes causar palpitações nessa área. Se isso ocorrer, apenas relaxem e descansem por alguns momentos até que elas passem. Haverão continuadas dores inexplicáveis chegando e indo embora em várias partes de seu corpo, isso é um sinal de que os ajustes e sintonizações estão sendo feitas. É tempo de aceitarem do que eles estão chegando, embora depois resistam, por causa das preconcebidas expectativas de como isso deveria ser.

Muitos projetos irão ser colocados para serem sustentados à medida que cada um caminhar através desse processo. Saibam que tudo será feito de novo quando o tempo estiver certo e tudo irá fluir suavemente e com graça e leveza quando isso acontecer. Vocês devem ter percebido que as interações pessoais estão caminhando através de mudanças positivas.

Muitas pessoas estão agora verbalizando os seus sentimentos e pensamentos com muito mais realidade do que antes. Isso é um passo muito positivo em direção à unidade da consciência. Quando nós conseguirmos nos aceitar mutuamente sem críticas e julgamentos, isso irá abrir um caminho para uma comunicação com mais significado e com mais profundidade. Ao se adotar essa verdade mútua, isso irá possibilitar que a pessoa sem a sua máscara anteriormente usada, possa brilhar irradiando a sua Luz para o Mundo. Orgulhem-se de quem vocês são. No Universo inteiro, não há ninguém exatamente como você.

Você é única e uma parte integral do todo. Sem você nesse Mundo nesses tempos do agora, uma parte importante do Todo estaria faltando.

Pratiquem sustentar o amar e abençoem os pensamentos, sempre que possível através de seu dia. Isso irá ajudar a ancorar o seu Eu Crístico. Identifiquem-se fortemente o quanto for possível com os atributos mais elevados de seu Eu, honrem-no e façam com que isso se manifeste. Onde os seus pensamentos estiverem, ali estarão também. Esses tempos requerem que cada um de vocês faça diligências e Meus Queridos, vocês todos já estão fazendo isso.

Amados, nossos corações estão plenos de Amor à medida que nós lhes observamos andando, diariamente com a mais elevada integridade. Saibam que cada um de vocês é circundado pela Família da Luz e de e que nós caminhamos lado a lado com vocês.

Até a semana que vem...

Eu sou Hilarion

http://www.therainbowscribe.com/

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvBfFDaUnuk/T0PZ4nuivaI/AAAAAAAABVY/qaoHlb4Xi2g/s1600/Chakras.gif

— With Samina Akhtar.

Source: Friends of TJ Morris Publishing

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Please locate Theresa J Thurmond Morris of TJ Morris Publishing for those who desire to join our Ascension Center Organization and/or ACE Folklife Society. We are in the process of sharing our connections and our similar interests with others. Please visit our Ascension Center Organization and consider Listing With our ACE Guide and ACIR Directory for the USA products and services non-governmental associations and organizations list.

Source: AscensionCenter.org courtesy of TJ Morris Publishing as PR for TJ Morris tm ACIR sm future website.